Questionnaires administration

Fourth, the prevalence estimates are likely to be affected by the way in which the questionnaire is presented and administered, and the extent to which the children who take part can be reassured about the confidentiality of their answers. It is difficult to assess the effect of factors of this kind in different studies partly because reports vary greatly in the amount of detail they provide about the procedural aspects of questionnaire administration, and partly because, where detail is provided, the effects of particular procedural variations are unknown. For example, although all surveys have been anonymous in the sense that the child was not required to write his or her name on the questionnaire, in some studies the questionnaire has been introduced, explained, supervised and collected by external field-workers, while in others this has been done by the school teachers (eg, Gossett, Lewis and Phillips, 1971) or the pupils themselves (eg. Porter, Vieira, Kaplan, Heesch and Colyar, 1973). With a socially disapproved activity such as solvent abuse, the effects of these procedural variants on the likelihood of obtaining false negative or false positive questionnaire responses could be substantial. 

A methodologically controlled study of valerian in sleep was published that utilized both double-blind and placebo controls, as well as randomization (Gessner and Klasser 1984). Also employed were two doses of valerian (60 and 120 mg), computerized EEG power spectral analysis and psychometric mood questionnaires. Valerian increased sleep stages 1, 2, and 3 and reduced stage 4 and REM. Dose-dependent effects were noted, where the 120 mg dose produced greater sedative effects. Peak effects occurred 2-3 hours after administration. Mood ratings did not differ, positively or negatively, between the experimental and control conditions. 

The Annual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ) is the mechanism through which Member States report to the United Nations on the drug control situations in their respective countries. The ARQ is integral to UNODC data collection activities. It is completed annually by member states and consists of three parts, (I) Legislative and administrative measures (II) Extent, patterns and trends of drug abuse, and (III) Illicit Supply of Drugs. 

Sources UNODC Annual Reports Questionnaires data (ARQ), SIDUC, Treatment Centres Data 1998, Drug of impact, SIDUC 1997 Report, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Treatment episode dataset TEDS, USA Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (CCENDU), Morbidity Statistics 200 2001 (separations related to illicit drug use)... 

You need not sign your questionnaire the recorded study number will suffice to identify your reply. Although this study was initially suggested by the Congress, it is being sponsored by the Army in cooperation with the Veterans Administration. All personal information will be kept confidential. Your name and reply will not be made available to anyone outside of the Medical Follow-up Agency, and our report will deal with groups of men rather than with individuals. 

Compared with questionnaires, interviews avoided the need for respondents to commit significant time to providing answers in written form. Questionnaires were also not deemed appropriate because specific responses may require clearance from administrative hierarchies within organisations. Within the context of this PhD research project, compared with interviews, questionnaires would create particular uncertainty in terms of interviewee response rate and time. 

Other data sets, with a broader coverage of jobs throughout the population, are likely to be needed for estimation of pesticide exposures in case-control studies. For example, Stewart and co-workers (Stewart and Stewart, 1994 Stewart et al, 1998) have used detailed occupational questionnaires with job-specific modules, together with data from the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System to aid in assigning study subjects exposures to multiple chemicals, including pesticides. 

The precise order in which these tests are carried out wiU depend on the information available, but most of them will need to be done at some time, unless tiie evidence overwhelmingly indicates a specific poison (e.g. cyanide). Even in these cases, ancillary questions may arise in coiui, for instance, was the victim doped or drunk prior to the administration of the fatal poison A careful toxicologist should, tiierefore, cmy out most of the above plus a routine drug screen in every case. For example, not all cm-bon monoxide cases are suicidal or accidental, even if the circumst tial evidence seems to indicate a non-criminal cause of deatii. The flow chart (Fig. 2) shows how the information obtained fi-om the questionnaire and the suggested analytical probing are combined to obtain a probable identity, or at least the type of poison involved. 

This chapter discusses what to expect during inspections, how inspectors approach their work, and how to manage the process of receiving an inspection. Specifically, inspections by the U.K. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (EDA) are explored. Preinspection questionnaires and inspection checklists used by the regulatory authorities are attached as appendices to this chapter. 

Table 1 Results of a Questionnaire on Protection of Light-Sensitive Dmgs During Administration 15 Wards Were Surveyed Before Implementing Guidelines...

Sidebotham PD, Lenton SW. Incidence of adverse reactions after administration of high dose diphtheria with tetanus vaccine to school leavers retrospective questionnaire study. BMJ 1996 313(7056) 533. ... 

In a questionnaire study of 11 121 Japanese patients, 216 (1.4%) developed immediate adverse reactions and 1058 (9.5%) reported having had delayed reactions after intravenous contrast administration during various CT examinations (30). Delayed reactions were reported by 18 patients (13%) of the 136 patients with immediate reactions who answered the questionnaire. All the patients, with the exception of 360 who received the non-ionic dimer iotrolan, were given non-ionic... 

Another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms also demonstrated its usefulness in these types of conditions (18). These investigators studied 85 men, randomized to receive either saw palmetto or placebo for 6 months. Effectiveness was monitored using the I-PSS, a sexual function questionnaire and urinary flow rate. Results of these studies demonstrated that the I-PSS symptom score decreased (i.e., improved) from 16.7 to 12.3 in those subjects receiving saw palmetto, whereas the symptom score decreased from 15.8 to 13.6 in the placebo group (p = 0.038). No significant difference was noted in the quality of life component of the I-PSS. Also, no differences were noted in either the sexual function questionnaire score or peak urinary flow rate between the saw palmetto and placebo groups. This study demonstrated that saw palmetto administration for 6 months resulted in an improvement in symptoms associated with BPH but not in sexual function or peak flow rate. 

National GHG emissions inventory. Data on the emissions of some of the covered installations (obtained through questionnaires) were included in a database on Major Focal Points . Despite the cooperation between sectors and the public administration, some inconsistencies between the administration and the sector emissions data were detected in the first NAP version, leading to homogenisation of both data sets. 

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