Questionable data

It is important to separate conceptually, and in practice, the calibration process from the monitoring process. Photochemical oxidants consisting primarily of ozone were firrt continuously measured in southern California by measuring the color change of potassium iodide solutions brought into contact with the ambient air. This measurement continues to yield valid photochemical-oxidant data in California. However, it has yielded questionable data at ambient air monitoring sites elsewhere in... 

A set of processes is introduced to achieve the improvement in question. Data from such processes are analyzed and evaluated and the causes requiring improvement are identified. The objectives for improvement are also identified. Possible solutions are devised and the preferred one is selected. The implementation of the solution is then planned. 

Small Boy Revisited An Exercise in the Recovery of Questionable Data from a Field Operation... 

Not all published and widely accepted thermodynamic values are reliable. Nordstrom and Archer (2003) provide a detailed review of the controversies, uncertainties, and problems related to thermodynamic data for arsenic and its compounds and aqueous species. Many of the data are contradictory and the methods that produce the data are sometimes questionable or have not been thoroughly documented. Too often, data in the literature have been passed from reference to reference without critical evaluations. Some of the data have high measurement errors, were produced under undefined or poorly defined laboratory conditions, and involved unrepresentative sampling (Matschullat 2000, 298 Nordstrom and Archer, 2003). Furthermore, other questionable data originate from obscure documents or are written in languages that many individuals cannot read and properly interpret. Therefore, thermodynamic results must be accepted with a certain amount of caution. The table in this appendix includes thermodynamic data from various sources, which provide users with some idea of their variability. Although sometimes unavoidable, users... 

At whatever temperature citrus products are served, care must be exercised to make certain all samples have like serving temperatures. The least difference if detected by panelists will confuse them and result in questionable data. 

Except for a few questionable data, the values for the observed active energy measured in the two crystallizers of different types, EiS and EFB, show little difference and can be considered to be more or less identical. On the other hand, the values measured in the impinging stream crystallizer for the overall crystal-growth rate coefficient, KIS, are obviously and systematically larger than those in the fluidized bed crystallizer, A pe. Therefore it can be affirmed without the need for further analysis that, with the observed frequency factors, there must... 

As pertinent variables are identified, it will become clear that some data will be easily obtainable, whereas information on other variables will be extremely difficult to acquire. Pharmacy-related data often are easily retrievable because much of the information can be obtained directly from the pharmacy s prescription computer program (and the patient profiles). Patient demographic information such as gender and age generally is also stored on the pharmacy computer. However, depending on the research question, data from other areas of the health care system may need to be collected as well. For instance, one hypothesis could be that a pharmacy service may result in a reduction in emergency department visits. Pharmacists often do not have access to data on emergency department visits in their own records. 

The availability of ad hoc CRMs can substantially contribute to the credibility and comparability of experimental information obtained in Antarctica. The global investment made in this remote continent in terms of human and financial resources, and the crucial role played by Antarctic studies in the interpretation of phenomena on a planetary scale do demand that no questionable data be generated or circulated. It would be thus desirable that other countries undertake similar programmes and stimulate the major producers of CRMs to support and participate in such initiatives. International planning and coordination in this context will definitely provide additional evidence of Antarctica as being as a land of peace and science. 

Figure 7. Data from Table 14 for weak bases with questionable data points (56-59) deleted.

Thus, while the experimental results reported here raise points which we hope will be of interest, they cannot be held to disprove the belief that the nitronium ion mechanism applies to highly aqueous systems. Equally well, they do not definitely exclude the possibility that an alternative mechanism participates in these circumstances. Further work is necessary to clarify the question. Data of the type reported here but covering the effect of substrate concentration would be particularly valuable. 

To measure CYP inhibition, metabolite formation is quantitated in the absence or presence of a potential inhibitor as outlined in Figure 10.4. Metabohte concentration in the presence of inhibitor can be measured at a single concentration of inhibitor or at many to generate a dose-response curve, depending on the tradeoff between accuracy and throughput that s considered acceptable for the assay in question. Data are normally expressed either as percent inhibition at one concentration (e.g. 40% 3 i.M) or as an IC50 value. An estimate of the IC50 can be obtained from one-point data as well. ... 

Fig. 16.7 The ultramafic inclusions that were erupted with the Cenozoic alkali-rich lavas at Cape Crozier (CC-82) and Cape Bird (CB-64) on Ross Island and at Brandau vent (BV-5g) in the Royal Society Range define a straight line that yields a date of 1140 Ma. This date is largely based on the sample of trachyte (CC-82) which contains only 3.01 ppm of strontium and is susceptible to contanunation by radiogenic Sr. Therefore, the geological significance of the Rb-Sr date is questionable (Data from Stuckless and Ericksen (1976))...

Analytical chemistry method validation exercises require the collection of extensive data that are used to determine the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, quantization limit, and robustness of the method. Extensive data not only establish reliable statistical measures, but the statistically reliable results will serve during later times as a tool for evaluating questionable data. 

Questions Data collection Data analysis Interpretation Write-up Validation... 

Transfer documents must be updated and maintained at a central location such as in the office of the program or project manager These records are of great importance in establishing the validity of any questionable data. 

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