Quaternary amines surfactants

Adams CD, Kuzhikannil JJ (2000) Effects of UV/H2O2 Peroxidation on the Aerobic Biodegradability of Quaternary Amine Surfactants, Wat. Res. 34, No. 2 668-672. 

Hard-surface, usually metal, cleaning in which very specific kinds of dirt need to be removed, such as grease on engines, rust on metal parts or burned carbon on cooking surfaces. The detergents may also need to be biocidal, such as blended non-ionic and quaternary amine surfactants. 

Adams, C.D. Kuzhikannil, J.J. (2000). Effects of UV/H2O2 preoxidation on the aerobic biodegradability of quaternary amine surfactants. Wat Res., 34,668-672, ISSN 0043-1354... 

Temporary hair dye products usually are formulated at a neutral or slightly acidic pH. Besides the dyes, the formulations may contain a small amount of a quaternary amine to neutralize the negative charge on the dyes, a fragrance, a small amount of a solvent or surfactant to solubilize the fragrance, and a preservative (Table 6). 

Ethylene oxide adds to the bis(2-hydtoxyethyl) teitiaiy amine in a random fashion where x y y = n y2. Ethoxylated amines, varying from strongly cationic to very weakly cationic in character, are available containing up to 50 mol of ethylene oxide/mol of amine. Ethyoxylated fatty amine quaternaries, cationic surfactants (both chloride from methyl chloride and acetate from acetic acid), ate also available. 

EOF reversal Surfactants SDS, CTAB, Brij, Tween, quaternary amines, diaminopropane, diaminobutane, Polybrene ... 

Fig. 2.12.1. Chemical structure of different classes of cationic surfactants (a) quaternary ammonium surfactants (quats) (b) dialkylcarboxyethyl hydroxyethyl methyl ammonium surfactants (esterquats) (c) alkyl polyglycol amine surfactants (d) quaternary perfluoro-alkyl ammonium surfactants (e) N, N, N1, JV -tetramethyl-iV, iV -didodecyle-l,3-propane-diyle-diammonium dibromide (cationic gemini surfactant). R = alkyl or benzyl group.

As DDAB contains a quaternary N in the head group, the cationic charge is independent of pH. The stoichiometry in Eq. (3) for the [MCI, ]2- (/i = 4, M = Pt, Pd n = 6, M = Pt) complex ions has been established by XPS and optical absorbance measurements. The (PtClb)2 anion has also been incorporated into LB films using a tertiary amine surfactant (38). In this case the charge of the head group, and therefore the complexation to the anion, is pH dependent. 

An anionic surfactant is soluble only at a pH greater than tf pqf its ionizable group, whereas a cationic surfactant (e.g., primary, secondary, ortertiary amines) is soluble only at a pH less than its pKg. However, quaternary ammonium surfactants remain soluble at all pH values. Zwitterionic surfactants, for example, sulfobetaine surfactants, are neutral from pH 2 to 12, whereas some nonionic surfactants, for example, alkyldimethylamine oxides, are converted to cationic surfactants by protonation at acidic pH. 

It is sometimes desirable to have surfactants that can act as biocides as well, especially in cleaning and sanitizing applications. Some cationic surfactants are toxic to bacteria, fungi, and algae. The most common biocidal surfactants have quaternary ammonium polar groups, ranging from quaternary amines to amine oxides. 

Using an elegant approach, Che et al. prepared chiral mesoporous silica using bio-inspired surfactants [63]. The trimethylammonium group of the quaternary amine used as a surfactant in the synthesis of MCM-41 (CTAB) was replaced by L-alanine. The chirality of the amino acid in the polar head of the surfactant induces chirality in the micelle used as template (see Figure 3.15). This simple modification in the surfactant allowed the preparation of the first chiral mesoporous silica with tunable pore size and ordered porosity. A key step in this synthesis is the transfer of the chirality from the surfactant to the solid, which was accomplished by electrostatic interaction between the terminal amino acid and the... 

If pH extremes cannot be utilized, then either a coated capillary or buffer additives can be used. Without either of these, proteins might adsorb to the inner capillary wall. Adsorption will affect the separation and in some circumstances this may be beneficial. Additives that are often added to CE buffer systems include surfactants, zwitterionic salts, ethylene glycol, methyl-cellulose, organic modifiers, and quaternary amines. Capillary coatings include polyacrylamide, polyethyleneglycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and methyl-cellulose. Mazzeo and Krull65 discuss capillary coatings and buffer additives further. 

There are many combinations of surfactants reported. For example, cationic CTA surfactant and cationic Gemini surfactant, CTA and long-chain pyridine quaternary ammonium surfactant,11] anionic and cationic surfactant,1126 CTA and amine (Q2H25NH2), neutral and cationic surfactant,11761 and neutral-neutral surfactants have been used to prepare silica with interesting mesostructures (e.g., Ia3d cubic) or morphologies (e.g., nanoparticles). 

Certain types of traditional LC mobile phase additives should be avoided due to nonvolatility and ion suppression effects. Mobile-phase related ion suppression will not depend on the analyte proximity to the solvent front, or capacity factor. These additives include detergents surfactants ion pairing agents inorganic acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, and sulfonic acids nonvolatile salts such as phosphates, citrates, and carbonates strong bases and quaternary amines. Complete suppression of ionization as well as interferences in both positive and negative ion mode will occur when these agents are utilized. 

Second group is water-immiscible primary, secondary, tertiary amines, and their derivatives, quaternary amine salts and other proton acceptors (see respective chapters). Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of anion transporting agents, playing an important role in the biological and biochemical processes. Several amines, their derivatives, surfactants, lipophilic metal complexes, macrocycles with positively charged subunits are known and developing as anion carriers [22-24, 27-29, 44-46]. 

The army needs a system to clarify medium amounts of stream and river water for drinking, cooking, and washing. The use of aluminum and gravel filtration is not very portable, and an alternative is being sought. You are to demonstrate that gas-assisted flotation will work and will use water from around your area to prove it. In addition you will use a quaternary amine as the surfactant, knowing that any excess will act as a disinfectant in the water. 

Conventional ionization techniques like El or Cl are less well suited for the characterization of quaternary amines, which are the most common cationic surfactants. Because of their thermal instability and low volatility their corresponding mass spectra only show decomposition products and fragment ions which make it impossible to analyze environmental samples of unknown composition. By the use of EAB-MS and FD-MS, however, ionization of quaternary amines can be achieved without decomposition. FAB spectra are characterized by strong quasimolecular ions as well as structure specific ions. ° FAB in combination with collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) in a tandem mass spectrometer enables a clear differentiation between quasimolecular and fragment ions, which is often difficult using FAB alone. FD spectra of quaternary amines are dominated by quasimolecular ions as already described for other surfactant... 

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