Quantitative analysis of volatiles

Nilsson, T, Ferrari, R., and Facchetti, S., Interlaboratory Studies for the Validation of Solid-phase Mieroextraction for the Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aqueous Samples, Anu/yrica Chimica Acta 356, 1997, 113-123. 

Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) can be coupled to the TGA instrument for online identification of the evolved gases during heating pyrolysis-GC/MS is a popular technique for the evaluation of the mechanism and the kinetics of thermal decomposition of polymers and rubbers. Moreover, it allows a reliable detection and (semi)quantitative analysis of volatile additives present in an unknown polymer sample. 

Ha, J. K. and Lindsay, R. C. (1990). Method for the quantitative analysis of volatile free and total branched-chain fatty acids in cheese and milk fat. ]. Dairy Sci. 73,1988-1999. 

B. Kolb and P. Pospisil, A gas chromatographic assay for quantitative analysis of volatiles in solid materials by discontinuous gas extraction, Chromatographia, 70 705-711 (1977). 

Guidelines for qualitative and quantitative screening of organic pollutants in water supplies [125] Quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds by GC-MS [126]... 

Forst C, Sheglitz L, Roth W, Kuhn-MUNCH S (1989) Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Landfill Leachates, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 37 287-293. 

Yasuhara A, Shibamoto T. 1995. Quantitative analysis of volatile aldehydes formed from various kinds of fish flesh during heat treatment. J Agric Food Chem 43 94-97. 

In 1977 Kolb and Pospisil proposed a method for the quantitative analysis of volatiles in solid samples [48] by using headspace extraction and gas chromatographic detection. The method, termed discontinuous gas extraction, is based on stepwise gas extraction, followed by a subsequent analysis of the extracted volatiles. The method theoretically calculates the total amount of analyte in a soUd sample after a few successive extractions and makes the quantitation of volatile analytes in soUd matrices possible. The proposed method was validated by measuring the styrene content in polystyrene by discontinuous gas extraction and by a procedure proposed by Rohrschneider in which the polystyrene is dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF) [49]. The two methods were in good agreement, which supported the validity of the discontinuous gas extraction. Kolb and Pospisil later elaborated the theoretical treatment of discontinuous gas extraction and in 1981 the method was re-named as multiple headspace extraction (MHE) [50]. 

M3. Mahadevan, V., and Stenroos, L., Quantitative analysis of volatile fatty acids in aqueous solution by gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 39, 1652-1654 (1967). 

Forst C, Stieglitz L, Roth W, Kuhnmunch S (1989) Quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds in landfill leachates. Intern J Environ Anal Chem 37, 287-293. 

Coleman W.M., White J.L. and Perfetti T.A. (1994) A hyphenated GC-based quantitative analysis of volatile materials from natural products. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 32, 323-7. 

Tuduri, L., Desauziers, V., and Fanlo, J. L., Dynamic versus static sampling for the quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds in air with polydimethylsiloxane-carboxen solid-phase microextraction hbers, J. Chromatogr. A, 963, 49-56, 2002. 

Dercksen, A., Laurens, J., Torline, P., Axcell, B. C., and Rohwer, E., Quantitative analysis of volatile sulfur compounds in heer using a membrane extraction interface, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 54, 228-233, 1996. 

On-line SFE-GC has also been used as an alternative to thermal desorption gas chromatography of Tenax sampling devices for quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The SFE-GC approach allows the analytes to be recovered from the adsorbent sampling devices at mild temperatures, which prevents thermal decomposition and other problems associated with high temperature desorption. This work is described in detail elsewhere (Wright,B.W. Kopriva, A.J. Smith, R.D. submitted for publication). 

The simple AsV and TEA tests are frequently replaced by a qualitative-quantitative analysis of volatile compounds using a GC/MS detector. Headspace GC/MS... 

Llobet, E., Brezmes, J., Vilanova, X., Sueiras, J.E., Correig, X. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds using transient and steady-state responses of a thick-film tin oxide gas sensor array. Sensors and Actuators B - Chemical 41, 13-21 (1997)... 

Static headsp>ace extraction, also known as equilibrium headsp>ace extraction, is one of the techniques used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile substances in the forensic field, in this technique the sample is placed in a closed vial, the volatile analytes disseminate into the headspace of the vial (figure 1), once equilibrium is reached between the analyte concentration in the headspace and the analyte concentration in the sample, a portion of the headspace is taken and injected into the gas chromatograph this can be done manually or with an autosampler, this process will be usually carried out at a pressure and temperature above ambient conditions (Slack et al., 2003). 

An apparatus for the quantitative analysis of volatile compounds in urine. J. Chromatog. 85 (1973) 19-29. (Arthur B. Robinson, David Partridge, Martin Turner, Roy Teranishi, and Linus Pauling). 

This simple technique permits the quantitative analysis of volatile compounds in various liquid, semi-liquid or solid foods, in biological fluids and tissues, and environmental contaminants in water, air and soils. The method is very sensitive to the equilibrium solute distribution between phases at the temperature selected for the analysis. Equilibration is greatly dependent on the solubility and viscosity of the samples. This method is particularly suited to highly volatile compounds because they have a favorable equilibrium between liquid (or solid) phase and its headspace, producing a higher concentration of volatile compounds in the headspace. 

The technique of static headspace gas chromatography (Chapter 5.F.1) proved to be useful in our laboratory for the quantitative analysis of volatile aldehydes in oxidized human LDL. This method was used to distinguish volatile oxidation products of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (pentane and... 

An Apparatus for the Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Urine... 

Nilsson, T. Ferrari, R. Facchetti, S. Inter-laboratory studies for the validation of solid-phase microextraction for the quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 356 (2-3), 113-123. 

Quantitative analysis of volatile products by TD-GC-MS has been used to evaluate the performance of flame retardants in EPs such as PC, PPE and PBT [75]. McGrattan [76] has described the quantitative analysis of volatile products of programmed degradation by trapping in a chemical... 

In addition to human breath, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatiles from bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi Candida albicans) have been demonstrated with a multicapillary column ion mobility spectrometer (MCC-IMS). GC-IMS demonstrates a rapid, noninvasive analytical tool for medical applications such as early diagnosis, therapy, and medication control. However, one of the limits of GC-IMS is the inability to identify unknown compounds. By coupling ion mobility to mass spectrometry, ions can be mass identified. 

Validation of a SPME method for target analytes should be performed using standard reference materials with similar matrix, when available. Another possible and frequently used way is validation of a SPME method against well-accepted extraction techniques, such as purge-and trap [13,25,46] or static head-space [46]. Several interlaboratory studies demonstrated that SPME is a reliable technique for the quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds [46] and pesticides in water samples [47 48]. We have validated our SPME-GC-MS method for the determination of nitrous oxide in urine by means of the comparison with static headspace [33]. 

Moreover, quantitative analysis of volatile organic substances in aqueous matrices using isotopically labeled internal standards should also be easily achieved with high accuracy. Therefore, SBSE is expected to be the first-choice sampling technique for many flavor and fragrance applications in different matrices in future. As SBSE is still in its infancy, we are anxious to see if stir bars coated with medium polar or polar sorbents will be developed in the near future and if this new and powerful sample clean-up procedure will be extended to entirely other fields of application. 

---