Quality factor, calculation

Another consistency test, Test-3, is similar to that of Van Ness et al. [44] for VLE systans where the ability of a model to describe the data is assessed. The usefulness of this test depends on the reliabiUty of the model for the described system. The earlier works [3, 15] used weU-known GE model forms, such as the NRTL model. In order to evaluate whether any data might be assigned a lower because of model insufficiency instead of data error, an alternative activity coefficient model (Test-4, see Section 10.2.3.1) has been developed [3]. Both Test-3 and Test-4 can have the quality factor calculated by using the following equation ... 

RBE is used to denote the experimentally determined ratio of the absorbed dose from one radiation type to the absorbed dose of a reference radiation required to produce an identical biologic effect under the same conditions. Gamma rays from cobalt-60 and 200-250 keV x-rays have been used as reference standards. The term RBE has been widely used in experimental radiobiology, and the term quality factor used in calculations of dose equivalents for radiation safety purposes (ICRP 1977 NCRP 1971 UNSCEAR 1982). RBE applies only to a specific biological end point, in a specific exposure, under specific conditions to a specific species. There are no generally accepted values of RBE. 

MeV. WL-R = 100% x WL/radon concentrations (pCi/1). The dose conversion factor of 0.7 rad/working level month (WLM) (Harley and Pasternack, 1982) was used to calculate the mean absorbed dose to the epithelial cells and a quality factor (OF) of 20 was applied to convert the absorbed dose to dose equivalent rate. For example, from the average value of (WL) obtained from the arithmetic mean radon concentrations measured in the living area during winter and summer in South Carolina (Table I), the calculated dose equivalent rate is 4.1 rem/yr, e.g.,... 

Q is the acoustic quality factor of the film. It depends on all interfacial transmission and reflection coefficients, and therefore contains all the complexity indicated above. On the level of this review, we regard Q as a scaling coefficient, but note that it can be calculated in detail [36],... 

We have employed two multi-elemental techniques (INAA and ICP-AES) to determine sulphur, halogens and 14 other trace elements in urban summer rainfall. Quality control was assured using NBS reference materials. The overall accuracy and precision of these two methods makes possible the routine analysis of many environmentally important trace elements in acid rain related investigations. Enrichment factor calculations showed that several elements including S, Cu, Zn and Cr were abnormally enriched in the urban atmosphere. A comparison of three separate sites showed a strong gradient of metal deposition from the industrial to the outlaying areas. 

Quality factor (QF). A factor dependent on linear energy transfer that is multiplied by absorbed doses to calculate the dose equivalents in rem. It is used in radiation protection in order to take into account the relative radiation damage caused by different radiations. It is 1 for X-, 7-, and (3-rays, 10 for neutrons and protons, and 20 for a. particles. 

Of course, any change in availability can be expressed as a product of a quality factor times an energy change, and values of efficiencies can be calculated for complete processes, such as the... 

The quality factor, C, for most conventional fuels can-be taken to be near 1.0 (i.e., availability is almost identical to the heating value for petroleum, coal, and natural gas fuels). For other fuels, such as low-Btu gas, waste materials, lignite, etc., the term C AE should be calculated on a case-by-case basis. 

Second, we use an additional set of provided buried electrodes to stimulate an out-of-plane (see-saw) motion on the device level. From the drive voltage and the corresponding signal response of this BITE, we could calculate the electrical sensitivity if the mechanical sensitivity were known. However, the mechanical sensitivity is not directly accessible and is therefore calculated from in-plane and out-of-plane resonance frequencies and the in-plane quality factor. 

Adiabatic pulses may be studied using the Waveform analysis. These pulses can either be frequency or phase swept pulses but during the frequency sweep the adiabatic condition must always be met. For an estimation of this condition an effective B field is represented by the angles 0m and 0eff(B]), the calculation then displays the angles 0m and 0eff(Bj), a further quality factor and the frequency sweep as function of time in as a series of graphs. Adiabatic pulses are discussed in more detail in section 5.3.1. 

Repeat Check it 4.3.3.5 but this time select the Calculate Waveform analysis. In the dialog box enter the parameters pO = 50 [us], SP 0 = 50000 [FIz] and Offset = = 0 [Hz]. Closing the dialog box by clicking the OK button starts the calculation and the three graphs of the particular angles of the B- (effective) field, the quality factor Q and the frequency sweep as a function... 

The total enhancement integrated over wavelength, rather than the enhancement at the resonance wavelength, is relevant for many practical devices. On resonance, the emission is enhanced along the axis of the cavity. However, sufficiently far off resonance, the emission is suppressed. Because the natural emission spectrum of the active medium (without a cavity) can be much broader than the cavity resonance, it is, a priori, not clear whether the integrated emission is enhanced. To calculate the wavelength-integrated enhancement, the spectral width of the cavity resonance and the spectral width of the natural emission spectrum must be determined. The resonance spectral width can be calculated from the finesse of the cavity or the cavity quality factor. 

Dose equivalent (rem) is a measure of biological damage that is calculated by multiplying absorbed dose by quality factor for the type of radiation involved. The unit of dose is the rem. The TEDE (total dose equivalent) is a term that combines the effects of both the internal and external exposures. 

The main source of information for S/N is an NMR table such as the one by Lee and Anderson (Appendix A) which gives the calculated relative sensitivity per nucleus. These values are calculated with several assumptions (such as T Tg) and represent the maximum signal possible so that the actual signal may not scale according to these values. One of the effects not taken into account in the table is the degradation of the usual NMR coil quality factor as the resonance frequency is increased and coil inductance reduced if the same probe cannot be used at the higher frequency. The net... 

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