Biological identity

The absence of a tap root in vegetatively propagated tea might conceivably represent a hazard during extended drought periods, but there is no documented evidence of such preferential damage to clonal tea. Biological identity also affords the possibility for widescale destruction as a... 

K). Polarographic half-step potential at pH 6.8 to 8.3, E 1/2 = -0.697 0.008V new half steps appear at lower pH. Iron removed by continuous ether extraction of a solution of ferrioxamine B in 6N HC1, or by treatment with dilute NaOH. Racemic ferrioxamine B, physically, chemically and biologically identical with the original substance, is formed through reassociation of deferriferrioxamine B with ferric ion. 

Carrell, C. J., Zhang, H., Cramer, W. A., and Smith, J. L., 1997, Biological identity and diversity in photosynthesis and respiration structure of the lumen-side domain of the chloroplast Rieske protein. Structure 5 1613nl625. 

Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials. Nat Nanotechnol 7(12) 779-786... 

CJ Carrell, H Zhang, WA Cramer and JL Smith (1997) Biological identity and diversity in photosynthesis and respiration structure of the lumen-side domain of the chloroplast Rieske protein. Structure 5 1613-1625 SE Martinez, D Huang, A Szczepaniak, WA Cramer and JL Smith (1994) Crystal structure of chloroplast cytochrome f reveals a novel cytochrome fold and unexpected heme ligation. Structure 2 95-102 SE Martinez, D Huang, M Ponomarev, WA Cramer and JL Smith (1994) The heme redox center of chloroplast cytochrome f is linked to buried five-water chain. Protein Sci 5 1081-1092... 

H.Konzett and E. Sturmer, Synthetic Bradykinin Its Biological Identity with Natural Pure Trypsin Bradykinin, Nature, Lond. 188, 998 (1960). 

Bone and teeth are both mineralized tissues that contain the mineral hydroxyapatite (HA) in an organic matrix. Collagen is an important component of the organic matrix in bone formation. There are two types of bone tissue compact and spongy. Compact bone forms the extremely hard exterior while spongy bone fills the hollow interior. The tissues are biologically identical the difference is in how the microstructure is arranged. 

The modem era of biochemistry and molecular biology has been shaped not least by the isolation and characterization of individual molecules. Recently, however, more and more polyfunctional macromolecular complexes are being discovered, including nonrandomly codistributed membrane-bound proteins [41], These are made up of several individual proteins, which can assemble spontaneously, possibly in the presence of a lipid membrane or an element of the cytoskeleton [42] which are themselves supramolecular complexes. Some of these complexes, e.g. snail haemocyanin [4o], are merely assembled from a very large number of identical subunits vimses are much larger and more elaborate and we are still some way from understanding the processes controlling the assembly of the wonderfully intricate and beautiful stmctures responsible for the iridescent colours of butterflies and moths [44]. 

A number of structured databases have been developed to classify proteins according to the three-dimensional structures. Many of these are accessible via the World Wide Web, T1 protein databanlc (PDB [Bernstein d al. 1977]) is the primary source of data about the stru tures of biological macromolecules and contains a large number of structures, but many i these are of identical proteins (complexed with different ligands or determined at differet resolutions) or are of close homologues. 

The derivation of a QSAR equation involves a number of distinct stages. First, it is obviousl necessary to synthesise the compormds and determine their biological activities. Whe planning which compormds to synthesise, it is important to cover the range of propertie that may affect the activity. This means applying the data-checking and -manipulation prc cedures discussed earlier. For example, it would be unwise to make a series of coinpound with almost identical partition coefficients if this is believed to be an important property. 

Section 7 8 Both enantiomers of the same substance are identical m most of then-physical properties The most prominent differences are biological ones such as taste and odor m which the substance interacts with a chiral receptor site m a living system Enantiomers also have important conse quences m medicine m which the two enantiomeric forms of a drug can have much different effects on a patient... 

By successively adding ammo acid residues to the C terminal ammo acid it took Memfield only eight days to synthesize bradykmm m 68% yield The biological activ ity of synthetic bradykmm was identical with that of natural material... 

An important consideration for all radiopharmaceuticals and especially radiolabeled biologically active molecules is specific activity. There are two types of specific activity radionucHdic and biological. RadionucHdic specific activity refers to the ratio of the number of atoms of a particular radioisotope to the total number of atoms of the element. For Tc, the radionuchdic specific activity is the number of Tc atoms to the total number of Tc and Tc atoms. Because all isotopes of an element ate chemically identical, a low specific activity may lead to a low yield in the synthesis of a radiopharmaceutical if a significant proportion of the reagents is consumed by the undesited isotopes. 

Carboxyhc acid ester, carbamate, organophosphate, and urea hydrolysis are important acid/base-catalyzed reactions. Typically, pesticides that are susceptible to chemical hydrolysis are also susceptible to biological hydrolysis the products of chemical vs biological hydrolysis are generally identical (see eqs. 8, 11, 13, and 14). Consequentiy, the two types of reactions can only be distinguished based on sterile controls or kinetic studies. As a general rule, carboxyhc acid esters, carbamates, and organophosphates are more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis (24), whereas sulfonylureas are more susceptible to acid hydrolysis (25). 

S-oxidation of sulfur-containing pesticides such as aldicarb, parathion, and malathion can be of importance in the absence of microbial activity (29). The products of chemical vs biological oxidation are generally identical (eq. 8). 

Standardization and Testing". The Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research has set guidelines for the vaccine which include standards for si2e of the individual polysaccharides and specifications for both purity (absence of protein and nucleic acid) and chemical and immunological identity. 

In 1949 the World Health Organization adopted the biological activity of 1 mg of an oil solution containing 0.025 p.g of crystalline D as the analytical standard for vitamin D. This standard was discontinued in 1972. USP uses crystalline cholecalciferol as a standard (80). Samples of reference standard may be purchased from U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc., Reference Standards Order Department, 12601, Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852. One international unit of vitamin D activity is that activity demonstrated by 0.025 ]1 of pure crystalline (7 -vitamin D. One gram of vitamin D3 is equivalent to 40 x 10 lU or USP units. The international chick unit (ICU) is identical to the USP unit. 

Synthesis of steroidal diazirines has led to some biologically active compounds (65JA2665). The observation that diazirines and their parent ketones are identical in smell (B-67MI50800), points to the possibility that a diazirine group may stand for a keto group vis-d-vis a receptor. 

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