Pyrroles anilines

Reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings are usually only found with highly reactive compounds containing strongly electron donating substituents or hetero atoms (e.g. phenols, anilines, pyrroles, indoles). Such molecules can be substituted by weak electrophiles, and the reagent of choice in nature as well as in the laboratory is usually a Mannich reagent or... 

Many aromatic ring systems including aniline, pyrroles and thiophenes form extensively conjugated, electroactive polymers, which can be oxidised or reduced between... 

This article deals with the chemistry of carbazoles, and except for their formation from carbazoles as illustrations of the chemistry of carbazoles, it specifically excludes that of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-, 1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydro-, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro carbazoles, etc., because from the viewpoint of chemical reactivity, these are indoles, anilines, pyrroles, and so on. This article also excludes carbazoles with additional fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings, again except for the formation of such systems as illustrations of carbazole reactivity. The physical and spectroscopic properties are not covered. 

Organic molecules such as aniline, pyrrole and 2,2 -bithiophene have been intercalated and polymerized within the galleries of clay minerals, FeOCl, V2O5 gel and other layered hosts to yield multilayered inorganic/organic polymer nanocomposites... 

Vanadiaxerogels are especially interesting for their redox properties, which promote the catalytical activity of enzymes such as glucose oxydase [644] or induce the oxidative polymerization of organic monomers, such as aniline, pyrrol, and thiophene [873],... 

The reaction of pentafluoroiodobenzene with aromatic compounds such as anilines, pyrroles, indoles, imidazoles, aromatic ethers and phenols leads to aryl—aryl coupling477. The reactions proceed via pentafluorophenyl radicals which are generated by photoin-duced electron transfer (PET) and loss of iodide ion. Coupling between the pentafluorophenyl radical and the radical cation of the donor gives biaryl cations (138,139) which lose a proton. The reaction is illustrated for N, A-dimethylaniline (equation 125). 

Liquid CO2 does not interact with organic weak bases (e.g., anilines, pyrroles, pyridines) but forms salts with aliphatic primary and secondary amines. 

The synthesis of conjugated polymers is highly dependent on the effective carbon-carbon single bond generation between unsaturated carbons in aromatic molecules. Aromatic units in conjugated polymers can be benzene, aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, carbazole, naphthalenediimide, perylenediimide (PDI), or their derivatives, etc. Although monomers are various, their synthetic methods can be mainly classified into chemical and electrochemical polymerizations. Chemical polymerization includes chemical oxidative polymerization and metal-catalyzed coupling condensation. 

With the knowledge that aniline, pyrrole and phenol groups may be involved in the formation of electroactive... 

This is a very common method for the preparation of graphene/conjugated polymer nanocomposites. In a typical synthetic procedure, surface-modified graphene or GO can be dispersed in acidic water and /or surfactant solution followed by the addition of monomer. It was then stirred obeying a certain conditions to disperse filler in the solvent and monomer homogeneously. Finally, the initiator (generally peroxides are used as initiator) is added to initiate the polymerization reaction at a certain temperature. Aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, etc. can be polymerized by this method [73-80]. 

Pelroy and Petersen 41) recently demonstrated how complex organic mixtures such as shale oil may produce variable responses in the Ames Salmonella assay depending upon the composition of the chemical mixture. In the presence of the PAH fraction of shale oil, the mutagenicity of dimethylbenzacridine was inhibited by 75% however, in the presence of the basic fraction of shale oil, dimethylbenzacridine mutagenicity was reduced by only 22%. The basic fraction of shale oil contained primarily alkyl-substituted pyridines, anilines, pyrroles, and quinolines. The basic fraction was more mutagenic by itself than any of the other fractions (acidic, neutral, tar, PAH, crude shale oil) tested. 

Plasma polymerization technique can also be used to obtain conducting copolymers. Aniline-pyrrole copolymer (PANI-PPy) thin films and the same copolymer with iodine added (PANl-PPy/1) were... 

Pyridine, quinoline, aniline, pyrrole and indole in high purity paraffin oil 20 623-673 CoMo/Al O Aboul-Gheit Abdou (76)... 

Thicker membranes from polymers are usually cast as solution (drop, spin, and spray coating), and the membrane forms after evaporation of the solvent. Alternate routes are application of monomers, direct polymerization on the electrode surface, and mechanical attachment of the ready-to-use membranes. Usually, modifiers (mediators, catalysts, enzymes, etc.) are dissolved in the membraneforming solution. Membranes can be generated also by electropolymerization, most commonly from aniline, pyrrole, or thiophene [117-119] the resulting 2D structure can entrap active molecules (e.g., enzymes) or serve as anchors for the actual modifier. Attachment of active molecules to polymeric structures can... 

Redox intercalation polymerization of aniline, pyrrole, and dithiophene using a V2O5 xerogel affords polyconjugated anisotropic polymers. Intercalation is... 

In this review, we discuss the electrode/electrochemical properties and technological applications of -conjugated polymers. It is organized by material and the matmals are grouped in two classes, the polyaromatic polymer films such as the polymer derivatives of aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene, and the linear polyenes such as polyacetylene, polythiazyl. The report does not intend to review the preparation procedures or the physical properties of these materials since they have been summarized elsewhere It is also limited to work published in the scientific literature without attempting to include the numerous patents which have appeared in the last few years. 

Hofmann-type clathrates have the general chemical formula M(NH3)2M (CN)4 2G, usually abbreviated as M-M -G [61]. M (Ni, Fe, Co, Cd) is a six-coordinated and M (Ni, Pt, Pd) is a four-coordinated divalent metal ion. The guest molecule is mostly an aromatic molecule (benzene, aniline, pyrrole). 

The electrochemical polymerization of Ti-electron-rich aromatics, such as aniline, pyrrole and thiophene, to obtain electrically conducting polymers is well-known. Some reports describe the polymerization of amino-, pyrrolyl- and hydroxy-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins and suitable substituted phthalocyanines (for reviews see [230,231]) (anodic electropolymerization of 2,9,16,23-tetraaminophthalocyanine (M = Co(II), Ni(II)) [231,232] and 2,9,16,23-tetra(l-pyrrolylalkyleneoxy)phthalocyanines (M = 2H, Zn(II), Co(II) [232])) under formation of polymers 53 and 54 shown as idealized structures. Depending on the reaction conditions the film thicknesses are between around 50 nm and several pm. The films remain electroactive at the electrochemical potential so that oxidation or reduction current envelope grows with each successive potential cycle. Electrochromism, redox mediation and electrocatalysis of the electrically conducting films are summarized in [230,231]. 

The research around the use of montmorillonite to obtaining nanocomposites polymer-MMT has become even more intense. In a review, Biswas and Ray [45] described several features of polymer-MMT nanocomposite materials. Ray and Okamoto [24] reported various characteristics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposite materials, some of these materials exhibited distinctive properties like biodegradability. Ahmadi et al. [46] reviewed synthetic routes, properties, and future applications of polymer-layered nanocomposites. Significantly, nanocomposites of PAni and PPY with MMT clay via emulsion polymerization technique [47, 48] were found to act as electrorehological fluids, sometimes denominated smart fluids. In this context, Ballav and Biswas [49, 50] reported high yield oxidative polymerization of thiophene, aniline, pyrrole, and furan by MMT— without extraneous oxidant—vis-a-vis nanocomposites formation of the corresponding polymers with MMT. 

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