Pyrotechnics incendiaries

Magnesiiun Dolomite ([Mg,Ca]C03) Electrolysis of fused MgCb (obtained from brines) Lightweight structures (alloys) Sacrificial electrodes Flares, pyrotechnics, incendiary bombs... 

Barium dinitrate Barium nitrate Barium nitrate (6a(N03)2). Barium(ll) nitrate (1 2) CCRIS 4140 Dusicnan barnaty EINECS 233-020-5 HSDB 401 Nitrate de baryum Nitrate barico Nitric acid, barium salt Nitrobarite UN1446. Used in pyrotechnics, incendiaries, chemicals (barium peroxide), ceramic glazes, rodenticide, electronics. Crystals mp = 592" d = 3.23 freely soluble in H2O LDso (rat orl) = 355 mg/kg. Berk Pharm. ltd. Hoechst Celanese Noah Chem. San Yuan Chem. Co. Ltd. Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chem. 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of NOx NPFA Health 1, Flammability 0, Reactivity 0 Uses Pyrotechnics, incendiaries ingred. ... 

The latter group often comprises compositions that rely completely on combustion with atmospheric oxygen such as Napalm, gasoline and similar materials. The former group most often comprises pyrotechnic compositions. Within the context of this chapter, we wiU consider only pyrotechnic incendiaries. 

Incendiaries based on volatile metal fuels yield large diffusion flames and thus lead to high levels of radiant intensity. In contrast, incendiaries based on non-volatile fuels undergo solid-phase combustion and predominantly transfer heat by conduction and convection. Pyrotechnic incendiaries can be either fuel rich or provide a surplus of oxidizer to facilitate combustion of a target substrate. 

Historically, military pyrotechnics had rheir origin as incendiaries. The Bible refers to the use of firebrands (Judges 15 4, 5) and to the action of water on naphtha and burnt lime (II Maccabees 20—36) (I Kings 18 31—38). Such self-igniting systems were known as automatic fire (Ref 130, p 5) and culminated in Greek Fire (Vo 7j HI 17). Crucial to the further develop-... 

The principle small arms application of military pyrotechnics is in tracer munitions, where they serve as incendiaries, spotters and as fire control. A thorough review of tracer munition design was prepared by Frankford Arsenal (Ref 33) ... 

Vol 7,165). The principal advances in the intervening years have been in the wider use of metals which are known to yield pyrophoric fragments, in the fabrication of incendiary bombs, and in the use of Zr, Ti and mischmetal. Early small arms incendiary mixts are reviewed in Ref 134, Table 5-7. As a pyrotechnic metal,... 

The larger rifles such as the familiar military rifle use cartridges of the type shown in Fig. 19.3. The relatively heavy base contains centrally a pyrotechnic percussion igniter (cap) and also a rim on which the ejector mechanism operates. Bullets can be made of various materials, but the detailed construction depends on whether they are to be used for armour piercing, anti-personnel, incendiary or tracer purposes. In operation, the primer is fired by the striking pin of the rifle, the propellant ignites and the... 

Aluminum is a very versatile metal with many uses in today s economy, the most common of which are in construction, in the aviation-space industries, and in the home and automobile industries. Its namral softness is overcome by alloying it with small amounts of copper or magnesium that greatly increase its strength. It is used to make cans for food and drinks, in pyrotechnics, for protective coatings, to resist corrosion, to manufacmre die-cast auto engine blocks and parts, for home cooking utensils and foil, for incendiary bombs, and for all types of alloys with other metals. 

Phosphorus is used in pyrotechnics, smoke bombs, incendiary shells, and safety matches. It also is used in organic syntheses, manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphorus trichloride, phosphine, and other compounds. 

Phosphorus is available in two forms, white (or yellow) and red. White phosphorus appears to be molecular, with a formula of P,. It is a waxy solid with a melting point of 44°C, and ignites spontaneously on exposure to air. It must be kept cool and is usually stored under water. It is highly toxic in both the solid and vapor form and causes burns on contact with the skin. Its use in pyrotechnics is limited to incendiary and white smoke compositions. The white smoke consists of the combustion product, primarily phosphoric acid (H 3PO,). 

Figure A.22 Ammonium chlorate low explosive, incendiary, pyrotechnic material.

Ref Frankford Arsenal, "Primer, Pyrotechnics and Incendiary Compositions for Small Arms , Rev 2 (1954), p 43... 

Heat-producing pyrotechnic compositions are used in a variety of applications, for example, as first fires in pyrotechnic devices to ignite other materials, as primers, as heat generators in pyrotechnic heaters, as propellants in gas generators and rocket motors, and as incendiary devices. 

Uses of Al in industry are too numerous to be described here. They are listed in Refs 5, 11, 12, 15 20. The uses of Al powder in expls are discussed under Aluminum Containing Explosives. Al powder is also used in incendiaries and in pyrotechnic compositions. Discussion on uses of finely divided Al and some Other metals is given in Ref 16a... 

Aluminum Powder Flaked, Grained and Atomized" (for use in ammunition) 2)US Spec JAN-A-512, "Aluminum Powdered" (Grained or Atomized)(from secondary metal) (for use in pyrotechnics or in incendiary "thermite") 3)US Spec JAN-A-667, "Aluminum Powder, Superfine" 4)US Spec JAN-M-454, "Magnesium-Aluminum Alloy, Powdered" 5)W.W.Scott N.H.Furman, "Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, "Van No strand, NY(1939) 6)H.V. Churchill... 

U is a member of the actinide series of elements which, together with the rare earths and the transition elements, possess a high heat of oxidation, a low oxide density compared with that of the metal, and the presence of an unfilled d shell in its electronic structure. While the reasons for the high pyrophoric potential of U are not clearly understood, they are thought to be related to these aforementioned properties (see under Pyrotechnics in Vol 8, P511 and Pyrophoric Incendiary Agents , P503-L)... 

It was concluded, at that time, that replacement of Al by B in military expls showed no advantages over std expls. Boron has been used in the development of some gasless delay fuze compns and in pyrotechnic mixts for flares incendiary bombs (Ref 3). Werbel(Ref 2a) proposed Ba chromate/boron 95/5 mixt as delay compn 90/10 mixt as an igniter. Taschler Jones(Ref 5) have detd the e-lectrostatic sensitivity of barium chromate/boron compns. The performance of boron expls is described by Mader(Ref 4)... 

Calorite. A French incendiary pyrotechnic device used during WWI. It was prepd in 4 form of a block by binding a mixt of powdered Al Fe oxide with liq Na silicate. The dried material was ignited by means of a fuse combined with a primer consisting of powdered Mg Ba peroxide Ref Pepin Lehalleur( 1935), 475... 

Belyi Fosfor (White Phosphorus, WP). Was used in pyrotechnic and incendiary comp ns... 

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