White smoke compositions

Coloured smoke compositions White smoke compositions (except those in Group 5) Compositions with <35% chlorate... 

White smoke compositions based on hexachloroethane with zinc, zinc oxide and <5% aluminium or <10% calcium silicon... 

White smoke compositions speed burning without flash ignitions/... 

White smoke compositions Signal ammunition in explosions... 

Phosphorus is an example of a material that is too reactive to be of any general use as a pyrotechnic fuel, although it is increasingly being employed in military white smoke compositions, and it... 

Phosphorus is available in two forms, white (or yellow) and red. White phosphorus appears to be molecular, with a formula of P,. It is a waxy solid with a melting point of 44°C, and ignites spontaneously on exposure to air. It must be kept cool and is usually stored under water. It is highly toxic in both the solid and vapor form and causes burns on contact with the skin. Its use in pyrotechnics is limited to incendiary and white smoke compositions. The white smoke consists of the combustion product, primarily phosphoric acid (H 3PO,). 

C.A. Knapp G. Weingarten, "White Smoke Composition for Fuze, Mine, AT, Practice, M604 , PATR 2285 (July 1956)... 

Sulphur ignites at 223 C in the air. This relatively low ignition temperature is often used for firework compositions for ease of ignition. Sulphur is used as a raw material for black powder in combination with potassium nitrate and charcoal and it is also used for white smoke compositions. 

This is used for white smoke composition in combination with zinc dust and hexachloroethane, It seems that the higher the purity is, the whiter the smoke colour is. The smoke composition is generally packed in a tin case, and the apparent specific volume is important in manufacture if it is too small the can is not filled and if it is too large, the case cannot be filled with the amount defined in the specification. The apparent specific gravity of this material on the market lies between about 0.5 hg and 1.0 kg per litre. 

Molecular weight 236.7 Colourless crystals, which slowly sublime at room temperature producing an odour. It melts at l82 l87 C. Insoluble in water, but soluble in ethyl alcohol, ether and acetone. This is a solid chlorine producing agent and 89 8% chlorine. It may be used as a colour deepening agent for flare compositions, but at present it is not used because of its volatility. It is used for white smoke composition, as described in 31 1 which is sealed in a tin case. 

In addition to ionic solids, covalent molecules containing halogen atoms (primarily F and Cl) can function as oxidizers in pyrotechnic compositions, especially with active metal fuels. Examples of this are the use of hexachloroethane (C2C1< ) with zinc metal in white smoke compositions. 

Hartley, F.R., Murray, S.G. and Williams, M.R. (1984) Smoke generators. IV the ignition of loose powder mixtures of pyrotechnic white smoke compositions containing hex-achloroethane and silumin in sealed tubes. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 9,... 

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