Pumping factor

BRn3, = the cumulative yield branching ratio for thermal fission of leading to Xe = 0.067 = barometric pumping factor ratio = 1. 

Fire Pumps. Fire pumps are essentially the same as typical water-supply pumps. Additional considerations for fire pumps are outlined in NFPA 20, Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps. Factors that should be considered with fire pumps include the following ... 

Although the appearance of the snow-air partition coefficient sa in Equation 18.14 is theoretically not correct (Halsall et al., 2008), Ksa effectively adopts a role similar to that of the wind pumping factor in Equation 18.13, greatly increasing kg to the point that the resistance posed by transport within the snow pack l/kg is no longer much larger than that posed by the boundary layer resistance 1/khi. The rapid... 

In gas field development, the recovery factor is largely determined by how low a reservoir pressure can be achieved before finally reaching the abandonment pressure. As the reservoir pressure declines, it is therefore common to install compression facilities at the surface to pump the gas from the wellhead through the surface facilities to the delivery point. This compression may be installed in stages through the field lifetime. 

Solution Polymerization. Plant scale polymerizations ia water are conducted either adiabaticaHy or isotherm ally. Molecular weight control, exotherm control, and reduction of residual monomer are factors which limit the types of initiators employed. Commercially available high molecular weight solution polyacrylamides are usually manufactured and sold at about 5% soHds so that the viscosities permit the final product to be pumped easily. 

Fluid Temperature, °C Minimum velocity, m/s Pumping rate factor Pressure drop factor Outside tubes Inside tubes... 

Contraction of muscle follows an increase of Ca " in the muscle cell as a result of nerve stimulation. This initiates processes which cause the proteins myosin and actin to be drawn together making the cell shorter and thicker. The return of the Ca " to its storage site, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, by an active pump mechanism allows the contracted muscle to relax (27). Calcium ion, also a factor in the release of acetylcholine on stimulation of nerve cells, influences the permeabiUty of cell membranes activates enzymes, such as adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), Hpase, and some proteolytic enzymes and facihtates intestinal absorption of vitamin B 2 [68-19-9] (28). 

Multiphoton processes are also undoubtedly involved in the photodegradation of polymers in intense laser fields, eg, using excimer lasers (13). Moreover, multiphoton excitation during pumping can become a significant loss factor in operation of dye lasers (26,27). The photochemically reactive species may or may not be capable of absorption of the individual photons which cooperate to produce multiphoton excitation, but must be capable of utilising a quantum of energy equal to that of the combined photons. Multiphoton excitation thus may be viewed as an exception to the Bunsen-Roscoe law. 

The pump should be specified for the right flow. As Figure 9 shows, a 50% overdesign factor increases power by 35% in a combination of higher head and lower efficiency (see Pumps). 

Other factors that favor the choice of the steam ejector are the presence of process materials that can form soflds or require high alloy materials of constmction. Factors that favor the vacuum pump are credits for pollution abatement and high cost steam. The mechanical systems require more maintenance and some form of backup vacuum system, but these can be designed with adequate reflabiUty. 

Cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy, or diseased heart muscle, may reach a point at which the heart can no longer function. It arises from a combination of factors, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and valve disease. Other problems, such as congestive heart failure, cause the interrelated heart—lung system to break down. Because the heart can no longer adequately pump, duid builds up in the lungs and other areas. 

In the second method, the pump and the motor are coupled direcdy, and either power (in kilowatts) or the current, I, and voltage, U, ate measured at the motor terminals. To determine the power actually transmitted into a pump, the motor power factor (PF) and efficiency (Eff ) must be known. These values ate usually taken from the motor manufacturer s caUbration curves (17). 

Centerline-Mounted Pefmey Pump. For refinery appHcations, temperatures, pipe loads, and product flammabiUty are the prime factors ia selecting a pump. 

DP Speed Factor. Pumping-speed efficiency depends on trap, valve, and system design. For gases having velocities close to the molecular velocity of the DP top jet, system-area utilization factors of 0.24 are the maximum that can be anticipated eg, less than one quarter of the molecules entering the system can be pumped away where the entrance area is the same as the cross-sectional area above the top jet (see Fig. 4). The system speed factor can be quoted together with the rate of contamination from the pump set. Utilization factors of <0.1 for N2 are common. 

An optimized relationship is obtained between the beU jar, 60° swing-leaf valve, LN trap, baffle for the oil, and the plane of action for the diffusion pump (DP) top jet. The valve open area equals 0.38 of the cross-sectional area of the inside diameter of the furnace. The volumetric speed factor for water vapor is thus 0.38 x 0.9 crr 0.34, where 0.9 is the Clausing factor. 

The voltage used for electro dialysis is about 1 V per membrane pair, and the current flux is of the order of 100 A/m of membrane surface. The total power requirement increases with the feedwater salt concentration, amounting to about 10 MW per m product water per 1000 ppm reduction in salinity. About half this power is required for separation and half for pumping. Many plant flow arrangements exist, and their description can be found, along with other details about the process, in References 68 and 69. Many ED plants, as large as 15,000 vsf jd, are in operation, reducing brackish water concentration typically by a factor of 3—4. 

Category Eactor Estimates. Various capital categories can be related to total equipment costs by factors, reported as percentages of equipment cost. Both purchased equipment costs, including pumps, tanks (qv), and instmments and deHvered equipment costs, excluding instmments, but including some off-sites, have been used in this approach (1,2). 

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