Pulse dose monitor

Figure 3. Schematic of a pulse radiolysis Facility with optica) and conductometric detection. C cell CS conductivity signal D dose monitor Dl door and interlock system F filters L lens MC monochromalor Mj mirrors PD pholodetector S shutter.

Analgesic sedation consists of minimal doses of midazolam or intravenous fentanyl, with blood pressure, cardiac and pulse oximeter monitoring. 

This is a strong sedative with a short onset of action that can be administered intravenously, rectally, intramuscularly or sublingually. Midazolam can be used as premedication 4 or 5 drops are given sublingually as soon as the patient arrives at the clinic. It has a short half-life. The anesthetist injects a dose of 1 mg intravenously under pulse oximeter monitoring, even if the risk of respiratory depression is very rare with a 5 mg dose. In case of overdose, flumazenil (Anex-ate , which comes in 1 mg/10 ml phials) takes less than 1 minute to compete with the central receptors occupied by the midazolam 0.2 ml is injected intravenously (15 seconds). Additional doses of 1 ml can be reinjected every minute until the patient regains consciousness. Flumazenil has very low toxicity, and doses of up to 100 mg have been injected intravenously without any signs of overdose. 

Compounds are added directly to the perfusate as a pulse dose or constant infusion. Aliquots of the perfusate are taken for analysis at appropriate times, usually over 3 hours, and the urine is collected at timed intervals up to 3 hours. For renal binding studies, the kidney is hrst perfused with the drug and, after an appropriate time, perfusion is switched to fresh, drug-free perfusate. The subsequent release of drug-related material(s) into blood or urine can then be monitored. Table 16.1 summarizes the major applications of the perfused-kidney model in drug development. 

Cyclophosphamide often is administered intravenously in intermittent pulse doses to minimize toxicity. To decrease the risk of bladder toxicity, patients should be well hydrated with oral or intravenous fluids, and urinary output should be monitored. Mesna may... 

Vital signs (blood pressure, body weight, pulse) were monitored during the study period at 0 (baseline), 1, 2, and 4h after Oralin or CSII bolus dose or placebo spray treatments. All subjects received the following treatments in a completely randomized fashion, at 3-14 days apart... 

Dosimetry. The dose given by each pulse was monitored with a secondary emission chamber (abbr. SEC). The SEC was calibrated by... 

To characterize the responses to PbTx-2, five dose rates (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ig/kg/hr in 2 ml saline) were infused into the jugular catheters of rats (four per group). Heart rates, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures, pulse pressures, respiratory rates, core and peripheral body temperatures, lead VI0 ECCjs, and arterial blood gases were monitored. Clinical signs and behaviors were recorded by video camera. After infusion, animals were monitored for 6 hr, by which time most had either died or recovered to near baseline physiological levels. 

A large variety of aqueous and a few nonaqueous solutions have been used or proposed as chemical dosimeters with respective dose ranges for use (Spinks and Woods, 1990 Draganic and Draganic, 1971). Of these, a special mention may be made of the hydrated electron dosimeter for pulse radiolytic use (l(h2 to 10+2 Gy per pulse). It is composed of an aqueous solution of 10 mM ethanol (or 0.7 mM H2) with 0.1 to 10 mM NaOH. Concentration of hydrated electrons formed in the solution by the absorption of radiation is monitored by fast spectrophotometry, which is then used for dosimetry with the known G value of the hydrated electron. 

Whole body Variety and number of animals Chronic studies possible Minimum restraint Large historical database Controllable environment Minimum stress Minimum labor Messy Multiple routes of exposure skin, eyes, oral Variability of dose Cannot pulse exposure easily Poor contact between animals and investigators Capital intensive Inefficient compound usage Difficult to monitor animals during exposure Cleaning effluent air Inert materials Losses of test material Even distribution in space Sampling Animal care Observation Noise, vibration, humidity Air temperature Safe exhaust Loading Reliability... 

Antidepressants and clonidine are the most commonly used augmentation strategies for ADHD. If the patient has tics or is troubled by insomnia, clonidine is a reasonable choice. After collecting a baseline EKG, clonidine should be started at 0.05 mg at bedtime for children and adolescents and 0.1 mg at bedtime for adults. The dose can be increased every 2 weeks or so while monitoring the patient s blood pressure and pulse. Although it has not been studied as well, guanfacine may work in much the same manner as clonidine. 

The human intravenous bolus dose of oximes in nerve agent treatment ranges between 250 and 500 mg ". Side effects of oxime treatment in humans were monitored in 750 volunteers, and the main adverse effects reported were changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, dizziness, nausea and blurred vision . Oral administration of oximes produces gastrointestinal distress. ... 

Monitor the patient s vital signs for 15 to 30 minutes after an IM or subcutaneous dose and for 5 to 10 minutes after an IV dose. Be alert for decreased blood pressure, as well as a change in quality and rate of pulse... 

Baseline resting pulse and BP should be monitored both prior to and during treatment (Hunt et ah, 1990 Oesterheld and Tervo, 1996). If the baseline pulse is less than 60, or if BP is greater or less than 2 standard deviations from age- and gender-adjusted means on two repeated evaluations, more detailed evaluation should be obtained. Orthostatic pulse or BP changes of greater than 10% should raise concern as to whether the dose should be decreased. 

Pulse radiolysis was performed using e from a linear accelerator at Osaka University [42 8]. The e has an energy of 28 MeV, single-pulse width of 8 nsec, dose of 0.7 kGy, and a diameter of 0.4 cm. The probe beam for the transient absorption measurement was obtained from a 450-W Xe lamp, sent into the sample solution with a perpendicular intersection of the electron beam, and focused to a monochromator. The output of the monochromator was monitored by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The signal from the PMT was recorded on a transient digitizer. The temperature of the sample solution was controlled by circulating thermostated aqueous ethanol around the quartz sample cell. Sample solution of M (5 x 10 -10 M) was prepared in a 1 x 1 cm rectangular Suprasil cell. 

The discriminator produces an output pulse with a fixed shape (generally square) and size when the input signal crosses a reference. Discriminators usually have multiple identical output signals. The logic pulses can be sent to a scaler that simply counts the number of pulses, to a count rate meter to monitor radiation rates or doses, and to a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) to measure the relative times of arrival of two or more logic signals. 

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