Pulse oximeter

Pulse oximeter Check blood glucose Check laboratory tests complete blood count serum chemistries liver function tests arterial blood gas blood cultures serum anticonvulsant levels urine drug/alcohol screen... 

There are a number of equations and definitions associated with the principles behind the working of the pulse oximeter. 

In the pulse oximeter, the concentration and molar extinction coefficient are constant. The only variable becomes the path length, which alters as arterial blood expands the vessels in a pulsatile fashion. 

The pulse oximeter is a non-invasive device used to monitor the percentage saturation of haemoglobin (Hb) with oxygen (Spo2). The underlying physical principle that allows this calculation to take place is that infrared light is absorbed to different degrees by the oxy and deoxy forms of Hb. 

Anesthetic techniques that have minimized adverse effects include the use of muscle relaxants and, more recently, nerve stimulators to assess adequacy of relaxation, the introduction of very rapid acting, short-duration barbiturates, and the use of atropinic agents to minimize the cardiovascular response to a combination of a seizure and anesthesia (93). In addition, 100% oxygenation (adequacy monitored by a pulse oximeter) with positive-pressure ventilation can minimize related cardiac events and memory disruption. 

Which estimate of goodness is more important Well, both of them are important. It is important to you and your patient that the reading on a pulse oximeter accurately represents the patient s blood Por Likewise, you won t have confidence in a pulse oximeter if it gives a different reading every time you look at it (assuming the patient s condition has not changed). 

Bohnhorst B, Peter CS, Poets CF. Pulse oximeters reliability in detecting hypoxemia and bradycardia Comparison between a conventional and two new generation oximeters. Grit Care Med 2000 28 ... 

Both are essential, as the onset of arrhythmia is often preceded by a significant drop in oxygen saturation. Besides, arrhythmia cannot be detected by a pulse oximeter. 

The patient should be hydrated, ventilated and monitored (pulse oximeter and electrocardiogram). A venous drip should be set up beforehand, and if necessary glucose serum can be administered to avoid hypoglycemia. 

Every patient must be properly monitored with pulse oximetry and electrocardiography (EGG). Even if the peel is done by the book and even when the simplest and least aggressive techniques are used, stress can cause vagal reactions, low blood pressure and tachycardia. Pulse oximeter monitoring can pick up on any drop in oxygen saturation that could accentuate myocardial irritability and cause arrhythmias. 

Before a fuU-face phenol peel, the patient is always put on a drip, electrocardiographic monitoring, pulse oximeter and blood pressure monitor. The doctor has everything he needs at his disposal in case of any allergic, vagal or other reactions. Although bupivacaine, ropivacaine or mepivacaine can be employed for FNB, these products should not be used for the reasons set out above, and anesthesia should consist of FNB with lidocaine without adrenaline and with deep sedation. 

Analgesic sedation consists of minimal doses of midazolam or intravenous fentanyl, with blood pressure, cardiac and pulse oximeter monitoring. 

This is a strong sedative with a short onset of action that can be administered intravenously, rectally, intramuscularly or sublingually. Midazolam can be used as premedication 4 or 5 drops are given sublingually as soon as the patient arrives at the clinic. It has a short half-life. The anesthetist injects a dose of 1 mg intravenously under pulse oximeter monitoring, even if the risk of respiratory depression is very rare with a 5 mg dose. In case of overdose, flumazenil (Anex-ate , which comes in 1 mg/10 ml phials) takes less than 1 minute to compete with the central receptors occupied by the midazolam 0.2 ml is injected intravenously (15 seconds). Additional doses of 1 ml can be reinjected every minute until the patient regains consciousness. Flumazenil has very low toxicity, and doses of up to 100 mg have been injected intravenously without any signs of overdose. 

Pulse oximetry is used widely in clinical practice to monitor arterial saturation (Sp02). A pulse oximeter is a small battery-operated device that is placed on the finger or the earlobe. This device emits and reads the reflected light from capillary blood, estimating the... 

Normally, sensors of pulse oximeters are applied at peripheral vessels in the finger, toe, or ear lobe. Their signal depends also but to a minor extent on the circulation situation. In the... 

A. Radu, M. Zellweger, P. Grosjean, P. Monnier (1999). Pulse oximeter as a cause of skin burn during photodynamic therapy. Endoscopy, 31, 831-833. 

Pulse oximeter Oxygen canula or mask to maintain Oj sat >95%. 

The UAP can obtain a pulse oximeter reading, but the nurse must evaluate the result to determine if it is normal for the disease process. 

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