Pulmonary sensitization

Toxicology. Ammonium chloride fume is a mild irritant of the eyes and respiratory tract, and repeated inhalation exposure of the fume has been associated with pulmonary sensitization. 

Toxicology. Diethylene triamine (DETA) is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant it also causes skin and pulmonary sensitization. On the skin, DETA is a potent primary irritant causing edema and sometimes necrosis. Repeated contact with the liquid may lead to skin sensitization, and an asthmatic-type response may result from repeated inhalation of the vapors. ... 

Isocyanates cause pulmonary sensitization in susceptible individuals if this occurs, further exposure should be avoided, because extremely low levels of exposure may trigger an asthmatic episode cross sensitization to unrelated materials probably does not occur. ... 

Additional considerations for inhalation/intranasal route acute inhalation, application site, and pulmonary sensitization studies for parenteral route acute parenteral toxicity and application site studies mucosal use application site evaluation transdeimal and topical drugs application site and phototoxicity/photoallergy evaluation. Photocarci-nogenicity is a conditional option for transdeimal and topical excipients. 

Long-term exposures at lower levels can induce hemolytic anemia. It is a dermal and pulmonary sensitizer. 

Experimental studies have shown that dermal application of toluene diisocyanate can elicit pulmonary sensitization. International Agency for Research on Cancer lists toluene diisocyanate as an animal carcinogen (from studies using gavage administration). 

Vanadium pentoxide is cited for mutagenicity, genetic, and pulmonary sensitization testing by the NTP as of April 9, 1990. The NTP Chemical Manager is Wiliam J. Moorman. This will include a repeated dose inhalation study in rats and mice, and a test in Salmonella. Vanadium is not cited for on-going research by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) as of 1987. 

KIMBER, I. (1995) Mechanisms of pulmonary sensitization, in THOMAS, H., HESS, R. WAECHTER, F. (Eds). Toxicology of Industrial Compounds, pp. 141-151. London Taylor Francis. 

Since non-immune mechanisms may play a role in occupational allergy to certain chemicals, some of the animal models also rely on pulmonary symptoms as a measure of reactivity to the chemical. Symptoms may be elicited from these animals by exposure to atmospheres of free chemical or chemical-carrier conjugate. In certain cases, pulmonary sensitivity could only be demonstrated by exposure to chemical-carrier conjugates and not to the chemical alone (Sarlo and Karol, 1994). 

A. Inhalation. Acute inhalation can cause upper respiratory tract irritation, wheezing, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (which may be delayed for several hours to days after exposure). Chronic exposure to hexavalent compounds may lead to pulmonary sensitization, asthma, and cancer. 

Up to now, pulmonary sensitization cannot be examined in animal tests. For the examination of dermal sensitization, different test methods with different sensitiveness are available. For the examination of industrial chemicals, the so-caUed patch test applied to guinea pigs is usually sufficiently sensitive. In this, the test substance is administered directly to the skin, as in the human exposure situation. The maximization test, also called the Magnusson-Kligmann test (see Fig. 2.7) and developed originally for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, is nowadays more and more used for chemicals also. A recently developed test method is the local lymph node assay (LLNA), which can be used to examine the potency of an allergen. 

Alarc6n-Segovia D (1973) Isoniazid, antinuclear antibodies and SLE. Chest 63 299 Alexander S, Forman L (1971) Which of the drugs caused the rash Or the value of the lymphocyte transformation test in eruptions caused by nahdixic acid. Br J Dermatol 84 429 Allen RW, Hold AH, Brown MG (1968) Acute pulmonary sensitivity to nitrofurantoin. J Roentgenol 104 784... 

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