Public Transportation Impact

Dortmund Sleep Disorders Center, Dortmund, Germany 

Commercial and public transportation heavily relies on human operators. There is growing evidence that sleep loss may play a large role in transportation accidents. A committee formed at the 1986 meeting of the Association of Professional Sleep Societies found that numerous performance failures leading to catastrophic events occur most often at times of day coincident with the temporal patterns of brain processes associated with sleep (3). In addition, an investigation in the Netherlands showed that the highest accident rate in public transit accidents occurred in bus drivers who began an early work shift (4). An assessment of the impact of sleep loss in commercial and public transportation is therefore needed. 

To better understand the impact of sleep loss in transportation, I will discuss the current evidence evaluating the relationship between safety and sleep loss in road, rail, air, and marine transportation. 

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And, at last, Prof. E.A. Derkachev, Dr. L.B. Ogir, Dr. A.A. Shevchenko, A.P. Shtepa, V.V. Sotnikov, V.I. Sviridov, G.P. Isaeva from Dnepropetrovsk State Medical Academy it their report "Hygienic assessment of automobile transport impact on the environmental situation and public health in Dnepropetrovsk" informed, that ... 

The main sources are road traffic and natural sources. Various high impact measures such as a low emission zone and the renewal of the public transport fleet are foreseen in Lisbon [6]. Further measures might be implemented to reduce the share of diesel vehicles, and to increase the share of bicycles. 

III. The Impact of Sleep Loss in Commercial and Public Transportation... 

The rate per miles driven is also oblivious to die impact of alternative modes of transportation on overall travel safety. Public transportation by train or bus is typically safer than travel by car and shifting the public s use to these modes can increase safety without being reflected in the fatalities per miles driven. Thus, as comforting or disturbing as die rate of fatality per miles driven is (depending on where you live, of course), the state of traffic safety looks veiy different if we consider another common rate the rate of fatalities per number of people in the population. This is the typical measure used in health statistics to estimate the risk of a person of contracting any disease in any one country. 

PVC blended with ABS or impact-modified PMMA has improved processability and good fire resistance, along with impact properties superior to those of the parent polymers. ABS/PVC is used as calendered sheet thermoformed into car crash-pad skins (subsequently back-filled with semirigid PU foam), also in moulded power tool handles, sanitaryware and electrical housings. Impact PMMA/PVC is used for seat backs for public transport and industrial panelling. 

The purpose of a scoping analysis is to determine, under worst case assumptions, if there is a risk that can cause injury, death or financial impact to the public, workers, company, or environment. The PSA begins by identifying the hazards, their physical and chemical properties, the confinement, conditions and distance for transport to a target, estimating the effects on the target, and comparing these effects with accepted criteria. 

Transportation accidents were analyzed. An aircraft could directly impact the reactor. The K-Reactor is >20 miles from an airport, not on an airway and built with blast resistant construction. The nearest public highway is 2 miles away, the nearest pipeline 17 miles away, the nearest public... 

Assessments of the comparative safety of the different modes of transport should take into account both die risk to die public and die risk to terminal operators and tnuisport crew. The transporter may be imohed in a crash or denuhnent drivers may be injured or killed. Thus, die events that can give rise to liazards include container failure, loading and unloading operations, and accident impact. Hazardous materials are moved by ... 

Except for large scale accidental releases (e.g. nuclear explosions or catastrophic accidents at nuclear plants), water will be the main transport medium of plutonium to man. Therefore the size and location of plutonium sources, its pathways to man and its behaviour in natural waters are essential knowledge required for the evaluation of its ecological impact. That information, combined with radiological health standards, allows an assessment of the overall risk to the public from plutonium e.g. from a waste repository for spent unreprocessed reactor fuel elements in deep granite bedrock (8, 9). ... 

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