Psychomotor Development ,

Bonithon-Kopp C, Huel G, Moreau T. 1986a. [Lead and psychomotor development in children A critical analysis of arguments of epidemiologic origin.] Neuropsychiatr Enfanc Adolesc 34 383-394. (French)... 

Bonithon-Kopp C, Huel G, Moreau T, et al. 1986b. Prenatal exposure to lead and cadmium and psychomotor development of the child at 6 years. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 8 307-310. 

Classical rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) patients have a marked shortening of their proximal extremities, calcified stippling of the epiphyses and cataracts in addition to their absent psychomotor development. Patients with a variant form of RCDP have normal bones, but will have cataracts and some degree of mental retardation. Patients with a deficiency of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase are clinically indistinguishable from the classical RCDP phenotype. 

A 24-year-old man had perinatal asphyxia and subsequently a slight delay in psychomotor development. At age 3-4 years, he had problems in school because of ADHD and had difficulty with relationships, persisting into adulthood. From age 21 he abused ecstasy and marijuana. He suffered a horror trip with a panic attack after using LSD at age 23. Although he abstained from LSD, he used more ecstasy and... 

Stevenson J, Comah D, Evrard P, Vanderheyden V, Billard C, Bax M, Van Hout AETAC Study Group. Long-term evaluation of the impact of the Hi-receptor antagonist cetirizine on the behavioral, cognitive, and psychomotor development of very young children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Res 2002 52(2) 251-7. 

Ohtsuka Y, Silver K, Lopes-Cendes I, Andermann E, Tsuda T. Effect of antiepUeptic drugs on psychomotor development in offspring of epUeptic mothers. Epilepsia 1999 40(Suppl 2) 296. 

The question of possible neurobehavioral effects in the child as a consequence of obstetric analgesia is stiU debated although impairment of visual and neurological performance, reduced alertness, and alterations in walking and muscle tone have aU been reported, most authors have found normal Apgar scores and psychomotor development after obstetric anesthesia (SED-12, 253) (157,158), and any functional defects noted at birth are likely to be transient (159). 

Medication noncompliance may be the single most common reason for treatment failure. It is estimated that up to 60% of patients with epilepsy are noncompliant. " The rate of noncompliance is increased by the complexity of the drug regimen and by doses taken three and four times a day. Noncompliance is not influenced by age, sex, psychomotor development, seizure type, or seizure frequency. " ... 

The follow-up evaluations at both 6 and 12 months included the administration of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Gladen et al. 1988). This exam yields a mental development index (MDl) score and a psychomotor development index (PDI) score, both of which are scaled like a standard IQ test. There were 858 infants (92%) from the original cohort who participated in the study past the neonatal period. 

To assess the mental and psychomotor development of infants exposed to PCBs both pre- and postnatally, the Dutch standardized version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered at 3, 7, and 18 months of age. Both the MDI and the PDI were included in the assessments. The tests were performed at the infant s home in the presence of the parent(s) (Koopman-Esseboom et al. 1996). The evaluations of the infants using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were undertaken only for the 207 children from Rotterdam. Rotterdam is an urban area thought to have higher exposures to PCBs than Groningen, a semi-urban area in northern Holland. 

Koopman-Esseboom C, Weisglas-Kuperus N, de Ridder MAJ, et al. 1996. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure and feeding type on infants mental and psychomotor development. Pediatrics 97 700-706. 

The sample in the main Seychelles study appears to have been developmentally robust. There was an exceptionally low number of abnormal scores on the Denver Developmental Screening Test, an unusually high mean Psychomotor Development Index score, and a very low rate of referral for mental retardation. On the other hand, the means and standard deviations of the cognitive measures administered at later ages were similar to U.S. norms. It is unclear to what extent the developmental robustness of that particular sample might have buffered it from any adverse effects of prenatal Hg exposure. 

Jay Sakz s psychomotor development has become progressively more abnormal. At 2 years of age, he is obviously mentally retarded and nearly blind. His muscle weakness has progressed to the point that he cannot sit up or even crawl. As the result of a weak cough reflex, he is unable to clear his normal respiratory secretions and has had recurrent respiratory infections. 

Piqnet s parents were given thorongh dietary instmction, which they followed carefnlly. Althongh her pediatrician was not optimistic, it was hoped that the damage done to her nervons system before dietary therapy was minimal and that her sub-seqnent psychomotor development wonld allow her to lead a relatively normal life. 

Iodine deficiency is the worlds leading cause of preventable mental retardation and impaired psychomotor development in young children. In its extreme form, iodine deficiency causes cretinism. Globally, about 740 million people are affected by goiter and more than 2 biUion fiv-ing in 130 countries are estimated to be at risk for IDD. 

The serum tenth percentile of a pregnant womens free thyroxine is a dangerous level below which psychomotor development of the child is at risk. Only pregnant women with a urine iodide excretion over 200 o,g/l reach a serum-free thyroxine (1T4) level over the tenth percentile. 

The importance of the transfer of thyroid hormones from the mother to the fetus during the second half of pregnancy in humans has received increasing attention (Burrow et ai, 1994). Recently, it has become evident that maternal hypothyroxinemia results not only in the birth of children with neurological cretinism, but also in decreased mental and psychomotor development of the rest of the population without cretinism (Beichrodt and Born, 1994). 

Iodine deficiency is the primary preventable cause of brain damage and psychomotor development retardation, and hence is a global public health issue. According to the United Nations International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), approximately half of the worlds population presented some degree of dietary iodine deficiency in 2002 (International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, 2002). 

An experimental model would obviously be of great importance to define the etiopathological factors leading to the neurological damage of the cretins, and to poor mental and psychomotor development of inhabitants of iodine-deficient areas. We shall only describe the rat model, as other animal models are being dealt with by Dr. Basil H. Hetzel. 

IODINE DEFICIENCY, IMPLICATIONS FOR MENTAL AND PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN "... 

The objective of this study is to gain better insight into the effects of severe, chronic iodine deficiency on various aspects of the mental and psychomotor development of that part of a population, that does not have the manifest symptoms of endemic cretinism. 

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