Ecstasy, abuse

National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Report Series MDMA (Ecstasy) Abuse. Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2004b. Available at http // www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/MDMA/MDMA3. html. Accessed May 9, 2005. 

Schreiber R, Brocco M, Audinot V, et al (l-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4 iodophenyl)-2-amino-propane)-induced head-twitches in the rat are mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors modulation by novel 5-HT2A/2C antagonists, Dj antagonists and 5-HTagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273 101—112, 1995 Screaton GR, Singer M, Cairns HS, et al Hyperpyrexia and rhabdomyolysis after MDMA ( ecstasy ) abuse. Lancet 399 667—668, 1992... 

Cottier, L.B., S.B. Womack, W.M. Compton, and A. Ben-Abdallah. Ecstasy abuse and dependence among adolescents and young adults applicability and reliability of DSM-IV criteria. Human Psychopharmacology 16 2001, 599-606. 

PMA is sold misrepresented as ecstasy, and is only inadvertently used by people who think they are ingesting ecstasy. PMA is not intentionally used as a recreational drug. Because of this circumstance, the trends of PMA abuse run parallel with the trends of ecstasy abuse. 

Two cases of ecstasy abuse with unusual neuropsychiatric complications have been reported (61). 

The authors suggested that this case may have exemplified dose-dependent serotonergic neurotoxicity from ecstasy abuse. 

Screaton GR, Singer M, Cairns HS, Thrasher A, Sarner M, Cohen SL. Hyperpyrexia and rhabdomyolysis after MDMA ( ecstasy ) abuse. Lancet 1992 339(8794) 677-8. 

Ng CP, Chau LF, Chung CH. Massive spontaneous hae-mopneumothorax and ecstasy abuse. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 2004 11 94-7. 

Schroeder B, Brieden S. Bilateral sixth nerve palsy associated with MDMA ( ecstasy ) abuse. Am J Ophthalmol 2000 129(3) 408-9. 

As recreational use of ecstasy has dramatically increased in recent years, deaths related to its use have been reported. In a retrospective review of all violent deaths from 1992 to 1997 in South Australia, six deaths were associated with ecstasy abuse aU occurred after September 1995. Three victims had documented hyperthermia and there was evidence of hyperthermia in another. The authors suggested that individual susceptibility to MDMA may be caused by impaired metabolism by CYP2D6 or through genetically poor metabolism (seen in 5-9% of Caucasians). One woman, who died with a cerebral hemorrhage, had fluoxetine (a CYP2D6 inhibitor) present in her blood. Furthermore, toxicology identified paramethoxyamfetamine (PMA) in all the cases, amfetamine/metamfetamine in four cases, and... 

Davis, W. A., H. T. Hatoum, and L. W. Waters. 1987. Toxicity of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine, considered for relevance to hazards of MDMA (Ecstasy) abuse. Alcohol DrugRes. 7 123—134. 

---