Prudhoe Bay crude

Moles, A., Rice, S.D., and Korn, S. Sensitivity of Alaskan freshwater and anadromous fishes to Prudhoe Bay crude oil and benzene, Trans. Am. Fish Soc., 108 408-414, 1979. 

Ellenton JA, Hallett DJ. 1981. Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of aliphatic and aromatic fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and fuel oil no. 2. J Toxicol Environ Health 8(5-6) 959-972. 

E.D. Burger, L.G. Chom, and T.K. Perkins, Studies of drag reduction conducted over a broad range of pipeline conditions when flowing Prudhoe Bay crude oil, ]. Rheol., 24(5) 603-626, October 1980. 

The degradation of sulfur heterocycles in Prudhoe Bay crude oil by aerobic enrichment cultures of marine and soil microorganisms was studies by Fedorak and Westlake (22,22). Figure 4 shows typical results obtained when the aromatic fraction of the oil was analyzed by capillary GC with a sulfur-specific detector. The mixed microbial populations in these enrichments were able to degrade the n-alkanes, pristane, phytane and a number of polycyclic aromatics in this oil (21, 22). There were some similarities between the biodegradability of the sulfur heterocycles in Figure 4 and that of the aromatic hydrocarbons reported by Fedorak and Westlake (21,22). For example, although cultures without N and P addition were able to remove a number of the sulfur heterocycles from the oil, the addition... 

Figure 4. GC analysis of the sulfur heterocycles in the aromatic fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil using a sulfur-specific detector. The oil was extracted from cultures inoculated with greenhouse soil and incubated aerobically for 27 days at 20°C. Control = autoclaved soil in mineral medium No NP = soil in mineral medium without N and P added +NP = soil in mineral medium with N and P added. Peak identification A = C2 benzothiophene B, C= Cj-benzothio-phenes D = dibenzothiophene (DBT) E, F, G = Cj- DBTs H, I, J, K = C2-DBTs L = C3- DBT M = benzonaphthothiophene. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 30. Copyright 1984 Kluwer Academic Publishers.)...

IONS OR DISPERSIONS OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL in water or brine have been used in several parts of the world for pipeline transportation of both waxy and heavy asphaltic-type crude oils. The hydrodynamically stabilized dispersion transportation concept is described by the Shell Oil Corporation core flow technology (i). The use of surfactants and water to form oil-in-water emulsions with crude oils is the subject of a long series of patents and was proposed for use in transporting Prudhoe Bay crude oil (2). Furthermore, surfactants may be injected into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsions (3, 4). 

Toxicity of Dispersed and Undispersed Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil Fractions to Shrimp, Fish and Their Larvae... 

D. A. Misch, C. J. Cheatham, D. L. Karinen, J. F. Acute Toxicity and Uptake-Depuration Studies with Cook Inlet Crude Oil, Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil, No. 2 Fuel Oil and Several Subarctic Marine Organisms, Northwest Fisheries Center Auke Bay Laboratory Report, May 1976. 

Seawater Suspensions of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil. Continuous-flow suspensions of Prudhoe Bay Crude (PBC) were generated in an experimental apparatus described previously (16). The initial suspensions were diluted to the desired concentrations with additional seawater and were then sent directly to exposure tanks. In some cases, the initial oil suspension was filtered through 100-/un polypropylene filters prior to use. The filtered suspensions were necessary to avoid buildup of oil films on the exposure apparatus in studies where simulated tidal cycles were employed. 

Analysis of Seawater Suspensions for Total Oil by IR. The stainless steel XAD-2 sampling tubes described above were extracted with carbon tetrachloride until the extract contained no IR absorbance at 2927 cm"1. The columns were rinsed with methanol, then distilled water, and used to sample the seawater-oil suspension as described above. After sampling, the columns were extracted with 25 mL carbon tetrachloride and the IR absorbance at 2927 cm 1 was measured. Oil quantitation was accomplished by referring to a calibration curve prepared from known concentrations of Prudhoe Bay Crude oil in carbon tetrachloride. 

Table I. Component Analysis of Three Different Seawater Suspensions of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (Values in ftg/L db standard deviation)...

The analysis of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil for the hydrocarbon components under study is presented in Table V, together with the percentage of the total hydrocarbons found represented by each of the hydrocarbon types. For comparison, the contribution of component types to the total hydrocarbon is listed for both a filtered and unfiltered seawater suspension. The comparison is somewhat biased because benzene was not determined in the crude oil, being poorly separated from the hexane solvent, and because C4-benzenes were not determined in the unfiltered sample. However, it can be readily seen from the results that while aromatic hydrocarbon types are present in the crude oil in roughly equal concentrations, the preponderance of the total hydrocarbons in the seawater suspension is composed of the low-molecular-weight aromatic hydrocarbons. In both unfiltered and filtered systems, 90% of the water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons found are composed of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and the xylenes. This is in contrast to their concentration in the whole crude oil, which is at most a few percent and where their contributions to the hydrocarbons analyzed for is probably less than 30%. 

Table V. Comparison of Hydrocarbon Composition of Whole Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil with That in Exposure Apparatus...

Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil UnfiUered Filtered ----------------------suspension Suspension... 

Roesijadi G, Anderson JW, Blaylock JW (1977) Uptake of hydrocarbons from marine sediments contaminated with Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil influence of feeding type of test species and availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Fish Res Board Can 35 608-614 Rossi SS (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, Neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. 1977 oil spill conference (Prevention, behaviour, control, cleanup) Washington DC, Am Petrol Inst, pp 621-626 Rossi SS, Anderson JW (1977) Accumulation and release of fuel-oil-derived diaromatic hydrocarbons by the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Mar Biol 39 51-55 Rossi SS, Anderson JW, Ward GS (1976) Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four test oils for the polychaetous annelids, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Capitella capitata. Environ Pollut 10 9-18 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1977) Toxicity and metabolism of naphthalene a study with marine larval invertebrates. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154 151-155 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1980) The disposition of aromatic hydrocarbons in adult spot shrimp Pandalus platyceros) and the formation of metabolites of naphthalene in adult and larval spot shrimp. Xenobiotica 10 193-200... 

Clayton and Marsden tested the swirling flask test, which was the standard EPA test at the time, and the French IFP dilution test using Prudhoe Bay crude and South Louisiana crude and three commercial dispersants, Corexit 9527, Corexit CRX-8, and Enersperse 700 [5Jj. Results obtained with the swirling flask test were found to be comparable to the EPA modified tests, but results obtained with the other two tests... 

Seagrass Thalassia testudimm + Prudhoe Bay crude lethality, leaf coloration... 

Here, C3 is an empirically determined constant. Mackay et al. [7] used the value 0.35 for Prudhoe Bay crude. 

Roesijadi G, Anderson JW, Blaylock JW (1978a) Uptake of hydrocarbons from marine sediments contaminated with Prudhoe Bay crude oil influence of feeding type of test species and availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Fish Res Board Can 35 608-614. 

Roesijadi G, Woodruff DL, Anderson JW (1978b) Bioavailability of naphthalenes from marine sediments artificially contaminated with Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Environ Pollut 15 223-229. 

Peakall, D.B., D.J. Hallett, J.R. Bend, G.L. Foureman, and D.S. Miller. 1982. Toxicity of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and its aromatic fractions to nestling herring gulls. Environmental Research 27 206-215. 

Riley, R.G., B.L. Thomas, J.W. Anderson, and R.M. Bean. 1980. Changes in the volatile hydrocarbon content of Prudhoe Bay crude oil treated under different simulated weathering conditions. Marine Environmental Research 4 109-119. 

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