Protein kinase C isozymes

Jaken S Protein kinase C isozymes and substrates. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1996 8 168. 

Sugimoto T, Itagaki K, Irie K (2008) Design and physicochemical properties of new fluorescent ligands of protein kinase C isozymes focused on CH/7t interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 16 650-657... 

Reduces intracellular inositol and protein kinase C isozymes ... 

Knox KA, Johnson GD, Gordon ] (1993) A study of protein kinase C isozyme distribution in relation to Bd-2 expression during apoptosis of epithelial cdls in vivo. Exp Cell Res 207 68-73... 

Saxon ML, Zhao X, Black JD (1994) Activation of protein kinase C isozymes is associated with post-mitotic events in intestinal epithelial cells in situ. J Cell Biol 126 747-763... 

Seynaeve CM, Kazanietz MG, Blumberg PM, et al. Differential inhibition of protein kinase C isozymes by UCN-01, a staurosporine analogue. Mol Pharmacol 1994 45 1207-1214. 

Manji, H.K., Betsudsky, Y., Chen, G., Belmaket, R.H., and Potter, W.Z. (1996) Modulation of protein kinase C isozymes and sub-sttates by lithium the tole of myo-inositol. Neuropsychopharmacology 15 370-381. 

McNamara R. K., Wees E. A., and Lenox R. H. (1999). Differential subcellular redistribution of protein kinase C isozymes in the rat hippocampus induced by kainic acid. J. Neurochem. 72 1735-1743. 

Roberts, R. E., and McLean, W. G. (1997). Protein kinase C isozyme expression in sciatic nerves and spinal cords of experimentally diabetic rats. Brain Res. 754, 147-156. 

Protein kinase C isozymes are activated by Euphorbiaceae plant-derived phorbol esters such as tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA) that bind to the DAG-activation site. PKC can phosphorylate specific TFs that bind to DNA regulatory promoters called TPA response elements (TREs). This interaction enables transcription of specific genes. This process can be summarized as follows signalling giving elevated Ca2+ — PKC activation —> TF phosphorylation — P-TF binding to TRE — specific gene transcription switched on — specific gene expression. 

Bloch-Shilderman, E., Kadar, T., Levy, A., Sahar, R., Rabinovitz, I., Gilat, E. (2005). Subcellular alterations of protein kinase C isozymes in the rat brain after organophosphate poisoning. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 313 1082-9. 

Pseudosubstrate mutant. A mutated form of a protein kinase C isozyme that has three changes in amino acids in the pseudosubstrate sequence is isolated. What properties would you expect this mutated form to have ... 

Hofmann J (2004) Protein kinase C isozymes as potential targets for anticancer therapy. Current Cancer Drug Targets 4 125-146. 

K. Mackay and D. Mochly-Rosen, Localization, anchoring and functions of protein kinase C isozymes in the heart, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 33, 1301-1307 (2001). 

Dempsey, E.C., Newton, A.C., Mochly-Rosen, D., Fields, A.P., Reyland, M.E., Insel, P.A. and Messing, R.O. (2000) Protein kinase C isozymes and the regulation of diverse cell responses. Am.J.Physiol Lung Cell Mol. Physiol, 279, L429-L438. 

Hidaka H, Tanaka T, Onoda K, Hagiwara M, Watanabe M, Ohta H, Ito Y, Tsurudome M, Yoshida T (1988) Cell type-specific expression of protein kinase C isozymes in the rabbit cerebellum. J. Biol. Chem., 263, 4523 526. 

Huang FL, Yoshida Y, Nakabayashi H, Knopf JL, Young WS III, Huang K-P (1987a) Immunochemical identification of protein kinase C isozymes as products of discrete genes. Biochem. Biophys, Res. Commun., 149, 946-952. 

Shimohama S, Saitoh T, Gage FH (1990) Differential expression of protein kinase C isozymes in rat cerebellum. J. Chem.. Neuroanal., 3. 367-375. 

S Shimohama, et al. Assessment of protein kinase-C isozymes by 2-site enzyme immunoassay in human brains and changes in alzheimers disease. Neurology 43 1407, 1993. 

Malhotra A., Kang B.P., Cheung S., Opawumi D., Meggs L.G. Angiotensin II promotes glucose-induced activation of cardiac protein kinase C isozymes and phosphorylation of troponin I. Diabetes 50 (2001a) 1918-1926. 

III. EXPRESSION OF PROTEIN KINASE C ISOZYMES IN SMOOTH MUSCLE... 

Wender, P.A., Lippa, B., Park, C.-M., Irie, K., Nakahara, A. and Ohigashi, H. (1999) Selective binding of bryostatin analogs to the cysteine rich domains of protein kinase C isozymes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9 1687-1690. 

Stewart JR, Christman KL, O Brian CA. Effects of resveratrol on the autophosphorylation of phorbol ester- responsive protein kinases inhibition of protein kinase D but not protein kinase C isozyme autophosphorylation. Biochem Pharmacol 2000 60 1355-1359. 

Electrophilic N-prenylation of indole has, for instance, been employed in the synthesis of N-prenylindolactam-V (3, Scheme 1) [18], where the yield is only moderate, probably due to the simultaneous presence of the amide moiety. The natural product (—)-indolactam V (1) is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C isozymes [28]. Other examples include the total syntheses of deformylflustrabromine B [11], of derivatives of physostigmine and debromoflustramine B [22], or of vulcanine and borrerine [24]. The key step of the synthesis of N-prenyltryprostatin B features N-prenylation with concomitant 3-prenylation (see Sect. 3.1) [29]. As a side reaction, prenylation of diketopiperazines, a frequent stmctural motif in prenylated indole alkaloids, was observed. 

Conrad, R., Ellington, A. D. (1996). Detecting immobilized protein kinase C isozymes with RNA aptamers. Anal Biochem 242, 261-265. 

Cho, Y, and Ziboh, VA. (1994) Expression of Protein Kinase C Isozymes in Guinea Pig Epidermis Selective Inhibition of PKC-P Activity by 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid-Containing Diacylglycerol, J. Upid Res. 55,913-921. 

Otte, P. and Moon, R. (1992) Protein kinase C isozymes have distinct roles in neural induction and competence in Xenopus. Cell 68,1021-1029. 

Deoxyphorbol-13-0-phenylacetate-20-acetate is not protein kinase C-P isozyme-selective in vivo (Kiley et al. 1994). Prolonged treatment (>6h) of cultures in down-modulation studies is complicated by the metabolism of 12-deoxyphorbol-13-0-phenylacetate-20-acetate to 12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate, a compound which activates all protein kinase C isozymes tested in vitro (Ryves et al. 1991). 

Kazanietz, MG (2000) Eyes wide shut protein kinase C isozymes are not the only receptors for the phorbol ester tumor promoters. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 28, 5-11. 

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