Protein formation, mechanisms

Insulin promotes amino acid uptake and protein formation. AKT, noted above, is also implicated in mechanisms which regulate protein synthesis. Acting via GSK-3 again, under basal conditions, GSK-3 phosphorylates a key protein translation regulator (called eIF2B). Thus, if GSK-3 is inactivated, eIF2B is not phosphorylated and mRNA translation is permitted. 

Mechanism of Action An antiviral agent that incorporates into DNS causing increased rate of mutation and errors in protein formation. T herapeutic Effect Prevents viral replication. 

Figure 7.2 G protein-mediated mechanisms of opioid cellular actions. Activation of the p receptor results in inhibition ofadenylyl cyclase (AC), the enzyme responsible for the formation ofcAMP, via the Gi protein, and increased potassium conductance and decreased calcium conductance, mediated via Go proteins.

Genotoxicity. Animal data are available that indicate that aluminum may interact with neuronal DNA to alter gene expression and protein formation (Bertholf 1987 Crapper-McLachlan 1989 Crapper-McLachlan and Famell 1985b). It is possible that this is a mechanism by which aluminum might exert its effects in the brains of patients with Alzheimer s disease. Further information on the mechanisms of aluminum s effects on neurons would be helpful in determining whether aluminum has effects on gene expression that can adversely affect the human brain. 

P. Chellan and R. H. Nagaraj, Early glycation products produce pentosidine cross-links on native proteins Novel mechanism of pentosidine formation and propagation of glycation, J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 3895-3903. 

Figure 5 The heterodinuclear Mn" Fe " cluster of Chlamydia trachomatis RNR R2 protein and its proposed formation mechanism from its Mn"Fe" form described in a recent combined biochemical, EPR, and Mossbauer spectroscopic study (33-36).

Yamamoto S. and Ishiwatari R. (1989) A study of the formation mechanism of sedimentary humic substances II. Protein-based melanoidin model. Org. Geochem. 14, 479-489. 

C. dementi, A. E. Garcia, J. N. Onuchic (2003) Interplay among tertiary contacts, secondary structure formation and side-chain packing in the protein folding mechanism All-atom representation study of protein L. J. Mol. Biol. 326, pp. 933-954... 

Fig-1 The final NM-induced toxic effect observed in vitro is the result of multiple processes (1) interaction with proteins (formation of the protein corona, activation/inactivation of enzymes) (2) dissolution and release of toxic ions (3) production of ROS at the NMs surface (4) aggregation/agglomeration (5) diffusion and sedimentation that influence NM transport to the cell layer and the final effective concentration (6) interaction with the cell membrane and membrane receptors (activation/inhibition) (7) cell uptake (including receptor-mediated endocytosis and other uptake mechanisms) (8) interaction with intracellular enzymes (activation/inhibition) (9) production of intracellular ROS (10) activation of transcription factors and (11) binding to nucleic acids and genotoxicity, among others. Processes (1)—(5) are closely interconnected. The resulting effect observed is the result of the composite rate of all these different reactions... 

FIGURE 41.4 Mechanism of action of interferon on cellular processes. Interferon (IFN) binds to a cell surface receptor, which, through a series of cellular processes, enhances the formation of RNA and subsequently increases protein formation when the RNA binds to ribosomes (hexagons). The proteins (cylinder) can either remain in the cell or be excreted. 

Given the functional diversity of HS chains, and the specificity of their interactions with many proteins, the mechanisms behind the biosynthesis of the polysaccharide and its regulation will continue to attract interest. Valuable information is obtained through a variety of approaches, including GAG formation catalyzed by... 

Fig. 3A, B Protein repair mechanisms. Panel A demonstrates the oxidation of thiol groups, leading to the formation of an intermolecular cross-link. This modification can be repaired by two mechanisms, one involving gluathione and the other thioredoxin. Panel B demonstrates the methionine oxidation,leading to methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone. Methionine sulfoxide can be repaired either in its protein-bound or soluble form by two types of enzymes (1 and 11). For more detailed description see the text...

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