Protein formation, mechanisms regulation

Insulin promotes amino acid uptake and protein formation. AKT, noted above, is also implicated in mechanisms which regulate protein synthesis. Acting via GSK-3 again, under basal conditions, GSK-3 phosphorylates a key protein translation regulator (called eIF2B). Thus, if GSK-3 is inactivated, eIF2B is not phosphorylated and mRNA translation is permitted. 

Given the functional diversity of HS chains, and the specificity of their interactions with many proteins, the mechanisms behind the biosynthesis of the polysaccharide and its regulation will continue to attract interest. Valuable information is obtained through a variety of approaches, including GAG formation catalyzed by... 

The formation of proteins can be regulated at two levels, either by affecting formation of mRNA (transcription) or its utilization as template (translation). In turn, transcription can be controlled in two ways. One is a control of initiation of transcription (l.e., whether the RNA polymerase forms an initiation complex). The other is a control over how far a polymerase travels and whether it proceeds into a structural gene or not (l.e., whether attenuation of transcription occurs). Translational control would more likely be achieved by controlling ribosome binding to the mRNA, although mechanisms affecting ribosome travel are conceivable. 

The obvious conclusion to be reached Is that there are differences In the regulation of extracellular protein formation In the two systems. It Is suggested that catabollte repression Is the most Important exoproteln regulatory device In A. salmonlclda but In S. aureus, although catabollte repression has been shown to exert a marked effect on alpha-toxin formation, total exoproteln appears to be regulated by a "competition mechanism. 

Such specific insertions described here may dictate the stereochemical specificity to be transcribed and translated, visualizing the protein formation "programmed" by tiny molecules, thereby involving the basic mechanisms regulating the processes leading to morphogenesis ... 

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