Protein-based materials application

Guilbert, S., Redl, A., Gontard, N. Mass transport within edible and biodegradable protein based materials Application to the design of acive biopackaging, CRC Press Boca Raton, 2000. 

There are also RMs which are prepared for a specific application and are used for validation of relevant methods. Cobbaert et al. (1999) made use of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)-protein-based materials when evaluating a procedure which used an electrode with an enzyme-linked biosensor to determine glucose and lactate in blood. Chance et al. (1999) are involved with the diagnosis of inherited disorders in newborn children and they prepared a series of reference materials consisting of blood spotted onto filter paper and dried, from which amino-acids can be eluted and... 

Urry DW, Luan CH, Harris CM, Parker TM. Protein-based materials with a profound range of properties and applications the elastin DTt hydrophobic paradigm. Prot Based Mater 1997 133-177. 

To extend the application area of silk proteins-based materials, blending the fibroin with other natural macromolecules and synthetic polymers, or even manufacturing composites with silk fibers are a few of the possible strategies. 

Protein-based materials have also been abundantly discussed in other publications [ZHA08], The next section of this chapter is, therefore, primarily oriented toward one example of an agropolymer starch. World production of starch-based materials for bioplastic applications is far from negligible. Put differently, it is greater than or ecpral to that of PLA. 

Protein-based materials such as polypeptone, soy protein, milk proteins, and gelatin derivatives are able to form stable emulsions with hydrophobic compounds. However, their solubilities in cold water, the potential to react with carbonyls, and their high cost limit potential applications. 

Proteins or amino acids are the major constituents present in natural tissues and they are well known for their controlled natural degradation ability. Such protein-based materials are especially useful in suturing applications, for scaffold... 

Urry, D. W. Protein-Based Materials with a Profound Range of Properties and Applications The Elastin DTt Hydrophobic Paradigm, Birkhauser Boston, MA, 1997. 

The Comprehensive Capacity to Control Association of Oil-like Domains Provides the Necessary Understanding for Meaningful Engineering of Protein-based Materials for Diverse Medical and Nonmedical Applications... 

Finally, for medical applications, the extraordinary biocompatibility of these elastic protein-based materials, we believe, arises from the specific means whereby these elastic protein-based polymers exhibit their motion. Being composed of repeating peptide sequences that order into regular, nonrandom, dynamic structures, these elastic protein-based polymers exhibit mechanical resonances that present barriers to the approach of antibodies as required to be identified as foreign. In addition, we also believe that these mechanical resonances result in extraordinary absorption properties in the acoustic frequency range. 

Health care costs in the United States exceed a staggering trillion dollars per year. Low back pain, urinary incontinence, pressure ulcers (e.g., bed sores), and cardiovascular disease are major contributors to decreased quality of life and increased health care costs. Applications of protein-based materials, briefly noted in this section but discussed more extensively below, have the potential to improve quality of life while lowering health care costs for these and additional medical problems. To provide a historical backdrop and a record of the development of applications. Table 9.1 provides the set of patents resulting from our research efforts,... 

Protein-based polymers have the potential to surpass the polyesters and other polymers because they can be directly produced in microorganisms and plants by recombinant DNA technology resulting in the capacity for diverse and precisely controlled composition and sequence. This is not possible with any other polymer, and it increases range of properties and the numbers of applications. Remarkably, with the proper design of composition, protein-based materials can be thermoplastics, melting at temperatures as much as 100°C below their decomposition temperatures. Therefore, they can be molded, extruded, or drawn into shapes as desired. Aspects of protein-based materials as plastics is also considered below. 

There is analogy in the development of protein-based materials. Bioelastics, Inc., the general partner to Bioelastics Research Ltd. (BRL), has been working for about 15 years to arrive at a killer app that could launch the protein-based material industry. More specifically, BRL has been developing the scientific and intellectual property foundation that would pave the way for the extraordinary materials capacity of protein-based polymers to result in successful commercial applications. 

The materials applications addressed here are but a limited sampling of what we have done and but a preliminary sampling of that which will be forthcoming in the protein-based materials industry of the future. 

A major element when considering medical applications is the potential antigenicity of protein-based materials and the adequacy of means of purification, especially when prepared... 

In recent years, soy products such as soy whole flour (SF), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI) have been considered as alternatives to petroleum polymers because of their abundance, low cost, perfect adhesion, and good biodegradability (Maruthi et al. 2014). SF contains about 40-60 % protein, combined with fats and carbohydrates. Soy protein concentrate contains about 60-70 % protein. SPI contains more than 90 % of protein and is the most widely used soybean product for film processing (Ciannamea et al. 2014). Moreover, SPI-based films are clearer, smoother, and more flexible compared to other plant protein-based films, and they have impressive gas barrier properties compared to those prepared from lipids and polysaccharides. When SPI films are not moist, their O2 permeability was 500, 260, 540, and 670 times lower than that of films based on low-density polyethylene, methylceUulose, starch, and pectin, respectively (Song et al. 2011). Thus, in addition to their large availability, soy protein-based materials have interesting barrier and release properties ideal for packaging applications. 

Silva NHCS, VUela C, Marrucho IM, Freire CSR, Neto CP, Silvestre AJD (2014) Protein-based materials from sources to iimovative sustainable materials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2(24) 3715-3740... 

The properties and physico-chemical characteristics of proteins in an aqueous solvent system depend on the pH conditions. Many protein-based materials are sensitive to pH variations, which could be linked with the relatively high proportion of ionised polar amino acids in protein raw materials (Table 11.7). Zein and keratin materials can, for example, be produced within a broad pH range because these proteins (which have a low ionised polar amino acid content, 10% and 10.7%, respectively), are not very sensitive to pH variations [69]. Conversely, the high content of ionised polar amino acids in soy proteins (25.4%) limits film-forming applications to within a narrow pH range [148]. 

Plasticizers are generally required for the formation of protein-based materials (] 1,14-18). These agents modify the raw material formation conditions and the functional properties of these protein-based materials (i.e. a decrease in resistance, rigidity and barrier properties and an increase in flexibility and maximal elongation of the materials). Polyols (e.g. glycerol and sorbitol), amines (e.g. tri-ethanolamine) and organic acids (e.g. lactic acid) are the most common plasticizers for such applications. Completely or partially water insoluble amphipolar plasticizers such as short-chain fatty acids (e.g. octanoic acid) can be used since some protein chain domains are markedly apolar. 

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