Prostate tumors prostatic acid phosphatase

Provenge is a cancer vaccine using cell therapy technique. Dendritic cells are removed from patients. These cells are treated with the prostate-specific antigen prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), which is present in 95% of prostate cancer cases. The activated dendritic cells are returned to the patients and they stimulate the T cells to destroy cancer cells expressing the PAP, thus treating the tumor. 

Together, antibodies to PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) will stain more than 95% of prostate carcinomas, but there are some caveats. The immunostaining of tumor cells falls off with increasing Gleason grade with both antibodies, and PAP is found in a wide variety of other tumors including hindgut carcinoid tumors.PSA has been found... 

Azumi N, Traweek ST, Battifora H. Prostatic acid phosphatase in carcinoid tumors Immunohistochemical and immunoblot studies. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991 15 785-790. 

Azumi N, Shihuya H, Ishikura M. Primary prostatic carcinoid tumor with intracytoplasmic prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984 8 545-550. 

HIndgut (rectal) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are positive for synaptophysin and prostatIc acid phosphatase and typically lack staining for chromogranin and CDX2. 

Keillor JS, Aterman K. The response of poorly differentiated prostatic tumors to staining for prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase a comparative study. / Urol. 1987 137 894. 

Sobin LH, Hjermstad BM, Sesterhenn lA, Helwig EB. Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 1986 58 136. 

The earlier a disease is diagnosed, the more efficient a therapy can be. This is true for virtually any type of disease, including infectious conditions [1], Alzheimer s disease as well as other dementias [2, 3], and is best documented for tumorous diseases [4], where the current compilation of internationally acknowledged markers in human blood [5] contains not more than a handful of proteins Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), CA 125 carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-feto protein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotro pin (HCG), CA 19-9, CA 15-3, CA 27-29, lac... 

Acid- and alkaline phosphatases act on a variety of mono- and multiple phosphate carrying low molecular mass molecules. In addition, they hydrolyze many, but not all, phosphoproteins. They are in use for decades to easily screen for diseases, however, somewhat unspe-cifially. For instance, acid phosphatase is used as biomarker for prostate cancer, and alkaline phosphatase to monitor bone (de-) mineralization and liver tumors. 

E. Therapeutic response In prostate cancer, a complete response is considered to be disappearance of tumor masses, normalization of elevated acid phosphatase, disappearance of osteoblastic lesions, recal-cihcation of osteolytic lesions, and normalization of hepatomegaly and abnormal... 

S10. Schuurmans, A. L., Bolt, J., Veldscholte, J., and Mulder, E., Stimulatory effects of antiandrogens on LNCaP human prostate tumor cell growth, EGF-receptor level and acid phosphatase secretion. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37, 849-853 (1990). 

Other enzymes are also useful indices of liver pathology. Serum alkaline phosphatase is often a useful indicator of liver and bone disease. The alkaline phosphatases are a diverse group of enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a phosphate is removed from a phosphate ester, especially at an alkaline pH. Physicians don t care about this. They do care that serum alkaline phosphatase levels often rise with bone breakdown (as in tumor infiltration) and in liver disease, especially where tliere is obstruction of the bile duct. Acid phosphatase is particularly rich in the prostate. A rise in its serum levels provides a test as to the presence of prostate carcinoma. This test has largely been replaced by assay for Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), a serine protease that is elevated in prostatic carcinoma. 

Efforts to obtain tumor-selective cytostatic agents, based on a selective bioactivation in the malignant tissues, have not been very successful up to now. This is mainly due to a lack of enzyme specificity in malignant tissues as compared to healthy vital tissues. Diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen, is active against tumors of the prostate. The phosphate ester of diethylstilbestrol, Honvan, is inactive but is converted to the active product by the acidic phosphatase that is abundant in the prostate tissue. The enzyme concerned, however, is not restricted to the prostate kidney and bone tissues are also rich in acidic phosphatase, so that the bioactivation is not restricted to the target tissue. 

In the clinical laboratory, enzymes are used in two ways. First the activity of certain enzymes may be measured directly. For example, the measurement of blood levels of acid phosphatase activity is used to diagnose prostatic carcinoma (a urinary tract tumor that occurs in males). Second, several enzymes are used as reagents. Because purified enzymes are available, detecting certain metabolites is more accurate and cost-effective. For example, the enzyme urate oxidase is used to measure blood levels of uric acid, a metabolite whose concentration is usually high in patients suffering from gout. 

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