Prostate diagnosis

MH M28 M28.010 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II Diagnosis and assessment of prostatic carcinoma... 

Measurement of serum acid phosphatase activities as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma is based on the observation by Gutman and Gutman that the activity is elevated by skeletal metastases ( ). Many workers have... 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common problems of elderly men, affecting more than 40% of men over age 70. BPH results in the urinary symptoms of hesitancy and frequency. Since prostate cancer affects a similar age group and often has similar presenting symptoms, the presence of BPH often complicates the diagnosis of prostate cancer, although it does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.2,5... 

Increased diagnosis of prostate cancer is attributed in part to the increased utilization of PSA testing. In fact, the American Cancer Society (ACS) now recommends measurement of PSA in addition to digital rectal examinations (DREs) in men over 50 years of age. Early detection of clinically localized prostate cancer can potentially result in a cure with radical prostatectomy or other treatments. PSA tests are used to monitor therapeutic efficacy and detect recurrent disease in patients with prostate cancer. 

PSA determination can be used to investigate the necessity for a prostate biopsy. PSA is considered a useful analyte in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer however, increased serum concentrations of PSA are also seen in patients without cancer of the prostate (e.g., patients with bacterial prostatitis or benign... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Bronchitis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, septic shock, congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, costochondritis, prostatitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), HIV infection and AIDS, and Q fever. 

Acid phosphatase retains its activity for a long period and hence is useful in forensic science to detect semen but has now been superseded by DNA fingerprinting. The activity in blood was used in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer but was superseded by PSA (prostate specific antigen). 

A history of urethritis and prostatitis in men or of cervicitis and cystitis in women is common in patients with ReA. The disease has been called HLA-B27 associated ReA and includes classical Reiter s disease with arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis. Presenting symptoms and signs are mostly asymmetrical axial and/or peripheral arthritis. Determining the B27 status of an individual patient with ReA is irrelevant to therapy. Diagnosis usually can be made by clinical examination and history. 

An area where we see increasing applicahon is in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Currently, there is much effort on characterizing breast and prostate cancer using either single- or mulh-voxel MRS. This effort focuses primarily on phosphahdylcholine metabolism, as represented by the resonance assigned to "total choline", which arises from unresolved PC, GPC, and choline. If sufficient spatial resolution and speed can be realized from high fields and instrumental advances. 

Comparison with Ultrasonography. The health care community is aw are of the high costs of MRI and continues to seek other techniques that may be effective at lower cost. One such comparison was made in connection with prostate cancer. The approach to treatment varies and depends on the extent of cancer at the time of diagnosis. 

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