Prorocentrum

Marine alga, Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae 3.3 50% growth reduction in 5 days at 0.75% salinity 6... 

Jin Q, Dong SL, Wang CY (2005) Allelopathic growth inhibition of Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyta) by Ulva pertusa and Ulva linza (Chlorophyta) in laboratory cultures. Eur J Phycol 40 31-37... 

Dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp., Prorocentrum lima Diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Dinoflagellates Protoperidinium spp. Epibenthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus Possibly Ostreopsis spp. Coolia spp. or Prorocentrum spp. 

The toxins responsible for DSP include a series of polyether molecules (including okadaic acid and six derivatives of dinophysistoxin), four pecteno-toxins (polyether lactones), and yessotoxins (including two sulfate esters that resemble brevetoxins) (Murata, 1982 Murata, 1987 Tachibana et al., 1981 Yasumoto, 1989). Diarrhetic shellfish poisons are produced primarily by dinoflagellates from the genera Dinophysis, although Prorocentrum lima also produces both okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 (Heredia-Tapia et al., 2002). 

DSP has been reported in Japan and Europe (Kat, 1983 Yasumoto et al., 1978) as well as in India and North and South America (Anne and Yndestad, 1993). Furthermore, although DSP has not been reported in humans, the toxins have been isolated from Prorocentrum lima cultures from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Heredia-Tapia et al., 2002). 

Heredia-Tapia, A., et al.. Isolation of Prorocentrum lima (S5U1. Exuviaella lima) and diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) risk assessment in the Gulf of California, Mexico, Toxicon, 40, 8, 1121, 2002. 

Preliminary results on toxicity of 3 species of Caribbean dinoflagellates have been reported, namely those on Gambierdiscus toxicus (25), Prorocentrum concavum (as cf. lima) (26), and mexicanum (as rhathymum) (27). A more detailed description of the effects of ether-soluble and water-soluble toxins from the same strain of toxicus on guinea pig ilea are presented elsewhere in... 

Toxicity of crude fractions from Prorocentrum concavum. All four crude fractions extracted from concavum (SIU strain 364) (Figure 3b) consistently contained potent toxln(s). The results of mouse bloassay of these fractions are Included in Tables IV. Corresponding dose response curves and LD q s are shown in Figure 4. 

Table IV. Bioassay of Crude Ether Soluble Acetone Filtrate (ESAF), Ether Soluble Acetone Precipitate (ESAP), Water Soluble Acetone Filtrate, (WSAF), and Water Soluble Acetone Precipitate (WSAP) From Prorocentrum concavum Using 10 Female Mice for Each (ip) Injected Dose.

Figure 4. Dose response curves representing per cent mortality (within 48 hours) of approximately 20 g mice (CRE CD BR ICR) injected with specified doses of ether soluble acetone filtrate (ESAF), ether soluble acetone precipitate (ESAP), water soluble acetone filtrate (WSAF), and water soluble acetone precipatate (WSAP) from Prorocentrum concavum (SIU 364). Each dose was administered by ip injection into 10 mice. LD50S were determined using probit analysis. A correlation coefficient (R) is provided for each LD5Q.

Table V. A Comparison of The Four Crude Fractions and Their Respective Toxic Components From Prorocentrum concavum Using Analytical and Preparative TLC.

Our observations strongly suggest that Prorocentrum concavum and Gambierdiscus toxicus are major contributors of toxins to the reef and inshore ecosystems. We believe that these two species produce at least 4 (up to 7) separate toxins which may eventually... 

A dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus toxicus has been reported to be the likely progenitor of ciguatoxin in the South Pacific (13-15). Recently, Tindall, (26), Miller, ]]) and Carlson, (18) reported on toxic extracts from G. toxicus and two species of Prorocentrum from the Caribbean. iHe physiological action of toxic extracts from G, toxicus were found to be similar to those induced by toxic extract from Scomberomorus cavalla (Kingfish) from the same region (19). 

Prorocentrum concavum Fukuyo and mexicanum Tafall) from the... 

Figure 3. The effects of soil and macroalgal extracts on (a) highest cell concentration and (b) maximum growth rate of Prorocentrum mexicanum, grown in natural seawater (ESNW) medium (shaded bars) or in artificial seawater (ESAW) medium (open bars). Vertical brackets indicate standard errors. CNTL=controls (ES medium without added extracts) SE=soil extract DI Dictyota extract CH=Chaetomorpha extract TU=Turbinaria extract =result significantly (p<0.01) different from ESNW control o=result significantly (p<0.01) different from ESAW control.

Figure 4. Growth of Prorocentrum mexicanum in (a) ESNW and (b) ESAW both supplemented with soil and macroalgae extracts. Controls ( ), Chaetomropha extract ( ), Dictyota extract (A), Turbinaria extract ( ), and soil extract (O).

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