Prorocentrum, toxicity

Preliminary results on toxicity of 3 species of Caribbean dinoflagellates have been reported, namely those on Gambierdiscus toxicus (25), Prorocentrum concavum (as cf. lima) (26), and mexicanum (as rhathymum) (27). A more detailed description of the effects of ether-soluble and water-soluble toxins from the same strain of toxicus on guinea pig ilea are presented elsewhere in... 

Toxicity of crude fractions from Prorocentrum concavum. All four crude fractions extracted from concavum (SIU strain 364) (Figure 3b) consistently contained potent toxln(s). The results of mouse bloassay of these fractions are Included in Tables IV. Corresponding dose response curves and LD q s are shown in Figure 4. 

Table V. A Comparison of The Four Crude Fractions and Their Respective Toxic Components From Prorocentrum concavum Using Analytical and Preparative TLC.

A dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus toxicus has been reported to be the likely progenitor of ciguatoxin in the South Pacific (13-15). Recently, Tindall, (26), Miller, ]]) and Carlson, (18) reported on toxic extracts from G. toxicus and two species of Prorocentrum from the Caribbean. iHe physiological action of toxic extracts from G, toxicus were found to be similar to those induced by toxic extract from Scomberomorus cavalla (Kingfish) from the same region (19). 

Johnsen, G, and Sakshaug, E. (1993) Bio-optical characteristics and photoadaptive responses in the toxic and bloom-forming dinoflagellates Gymnodinium aureolum, G. galatheanum, and two strains of Prorocentrum minimum. J. Phycol. 29, 627-642. 

Kat, M. 1979. The occurrence of Prorocentrum species and coincidental gastrointestinal illness of mussel consimiers. In Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, ed. Taylor, D, and Seliger, H. New York Elsevier, 215-220. 

Quilliam, M.A., Hardstaff, W.R., Ishida, N., McLachlan, XL., Reeves, A.R., Ross, N.W., and Windust, A.X 1996a. Production of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins by Prorocentrum lima in culture and development of analytical mefliods. In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms, ed. Yasumoto, T, Oshima, Y, and Fukuyo. Y.I.O.C. of UNESCO, 289-292. 

Torigoe, K., Murata, M., Yastimoto, T., and Iwashita, T. (1988). Prorocentrolide, a toxic nitrogenous macrocycle from a marine dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum lima. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110, 7876-7877. 

M Kat. The ocurrence of Prorocentrum species and coincidental gastrointestinal illness of mnssels consumers. In D Taylor and HH Seliger, eds. Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1979, pp. 215-220. 

Hu, T, Curtis, J. M., Walter, J. A., and Wright, J. L. C. (1995a) Identification of DTX-4, a new water-soluble phosphatase inhibitor from the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 5, 597. 

Lawrence, J.E. et al., Colonizaition and growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima and associated fouling macroalgae on mussels in suspended culture, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 201, 147, 2000. 

Jackson, A.E., Marr, J.C., and McLachlan, J.L., The production of diarrhetic shellfish toxins by an isolate of Prorocentrum lima from Nova Scotia, Canada, in Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea, Smayda, T.J. and Shimizu, Y, Eds., Elsevier Science, New York, 1993, 513. 

Murakami, Y, Oshima, Y, and Yasumoto, T. Identification of okadaic acid as a toxic component of a marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 48, 69-72, 1982. 

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