Propylene glycol formulations containing

N-octyl-isothiazolinone (Skane M-8) has been used mainly as a mildewcide in latex paints and sometimes also in oil-base paints. It is stabilized by the addition of either zinc oxide or formaldehyde in slightly alkaline formulation. Skane M-8 is supplied as 50% concentrate in propylene glycol which contains about 45% active ingredients and 5% impurities for use as a paint mildewcide. n-Octyl-isothiazoline is also marketed as Kathon 4200 and Kathon LM, and is supplied as 25% and 5% concentrates for use as a mildewcide for fabrics. The same active ingredient is also marketed as Kathon 893 and recommended as an industrial mul-... 

Laboratory tests of ethylene glycol containing formulations have shown a complete bio-oxidation within 20 days. The rate of bio-oxidation is stationary over the full period. On the other hand, propylene glycol initially degrades more rapidly during the first 5 days of the test to an extent of 62%, slowing to 79% conversion after 20 days. 

Such a dispersant formulation for dispersing oil contains a mixture of a sorbitan monoester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, a polyoxyethylene adduct of a sorbitant monoester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, a water-dispersible salt of a dialkyl sulfosuccinate, a polyoxyethylene adduct of a sorbitan triester or a sorbital hexaester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and a propylene glycol ether as solvent [311,312]. 

Solutions of sodium hydroxide and/or diluted hydrochloric acid may have been added to adjust pH. Each milliliter of AGENERASE oral solution contains 46 U vitamin E in the form of TPGS. Propylene glycol is in the formulation to achieve adequate solubility of amprenavir. The recommended daily dose of AGENERASE oral solution of 22.5 mg/kg twice daily corresponds to a propylene glycol intake of 1650 mg/kg per day. 

The product used was a low-volatile 2,1, 5-T propylene glycol butyl ether ester formulation containing 0.0U ppm 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). It was applied as an emulsion in water at a rate of 1.6 pounds of 2,1, 5-T acid equivalent per acre (lb/A) in the backpack study, and 2 lb/A in the other studies. These were low-volume applications at 10 gal/A in the ground studies and 5 gal/A by air. Thus, the workers in the aerial studies were exposed to about 5 2,1, 5-T spray solutions compared to the 2 or 3 used in the earlier studies by Dow and EPA described above (3, 7). 

FIGURE 8.5 Patient with lamellar Ichthyosis (due to TGM1 mutations) who twice daily for 2 mo. received a cream formulation containing lactic acid (5%) and propylene glycol (20%) on the right arm as compared to on the left arm (Reproduced from. ..31)... 

The use of cosolvents in small-volume parenteral preparations is often critical due to the limited volume of solution that can be administered by a single injection. Thus, the required dose of drug must often be incorporated in 1 or 2mL of solution. Table 6 lists parenteral products containing cosolvents. The cosolvents most often used include ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, PEG 400, and, sometimes, dimethylacetamide. Other cosolvents, such as DMSO, have been used as solvents for parenteral formulations of experimental anticancer agents however, their use is restricted due to toxicity and potential incompatibilities with plastic administration devices. ... 

Ophthalmic formulations sometimes contain cosolvents, such as propylene glycol or PEG 300, as part of the vehicle. The greatest limitation to the use of cosolvents in ophthalmic preparations is their irritation potential. For example, ethanol is too irritating to be used in the eye (Table 3). Osmotic effects of cosolvents are also important, and the strong osmotic effect of glycerin combined with its poor solubilizing power limit its usefulness in ophthalmic preparations. 

Propylene glycol, PEG, glycerin, and isopropyl alcohol have been used in otic formulations. Table 5 contains a list of ophthalmic and otic preparations containing cosolvents. 

Ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor with peptidelike structure, has an intrinsic water solubility of l.Opg/ml. Norvir is a thermodynamically stable solution formulation containing 100 mg of ritonavir dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid, Cremophor EL, ethanol, and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and filled into soft gelatin capsules. However, Norvir is being replaced by Kaletra oral solution and soft gelatin capsule, which is a combination of 133.3 mg of lopinavir and 33.3 mg ritonavir dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid, polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL), and propylene glycol. The water-insoluble HIV protease inhibitor, saquinavir, is solubilized by a mixture of Vitamin E and medium-chain mono- and diglycerides in 200 mg Fortovase soft gelatin capsules. 

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