Butylated hydroxytoluene , antioxidant

Bjorkhem, L, Henriksson-Frayschuss, A., Breuer, O., Dieztalusy, V., Beiglund, L. and Henriksson, P. (1991). The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene protects against atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. 11, 15-22. 

In other applications the pattern of evolution of styrene, butadiene and acrylonitrile as a function of temperature has provided a unique way for classifying different types of ABS. The loss of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was also detected by MS preceding EVA copolymer degradation [165] BHT was identified at a concentration level of 20 ppm. Lehrle and co-workers [52] have described a successful controlled release system for the stabilisation of rubber by encapsulating efficient but rather mobile antioxidants to prevent loss from the host polymer. The performance of the controlled-release of the antioxidant BHT from alginate matrix particles was studied by means of DSC, TG and TG-MS. Polyisoprene rubber is more resistant to oxidation when protected in this way than by the equivalent concentration of unencapsulated antioxidant. 

Essential oil from spice materials including cumin was investigated on sunflower oil, stored at 70°C and was found to possess excellent antioxidant effects, better than those of the synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (Singh et al, 1998). 

Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory dmp (NSADD), Phenylbutazone, Mdomethacin, Ibuprofen, Fenoprofen, Fluriboprofen, Neproxen, Sulfinpyrazone, antioxidants (Butylated Hydroxytoluene, BHT Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA Dipheylamine, DPA). 

Ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor with peptidelike structure, has an intrinsic water solubility of l.Opg/ml. Norvir is a thermodynamically stable solution formulation containing 100 mg of ritonavir dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid, Cremophor EL, ethanol, and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and filled into soft gelatin capsules. However, Norvir is being replaced by Kaletra oral solution and soft gelatin capsule, which is a combination of 133.3 mg of lopinavir and 33.3 mg ritonavir dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid, polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL), and propylene glycol. The water-insoluble HIV protease inhibitor, saquinavir, is solubilized by a mixture of Vitamin E and medium-chain mono- and diglycerides in 200 mg Fortovase soft gelatin capsules. 

Antioxidants Butylated hydroxytoluene, Adsorption MicroPak Hexane-dichlorome-... 

Examples of activated double bond electrophiles include a, 3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, quinones, quinoneimines, quinonemethides and diiminoquinones as shown in Fig. 10.32B. These electrophilic intermediates are highly polarized and can react with nucleophiles in a 1,4-Michael-type addition at the more electrophilic or 3-oarbon of the activated double bond intermediate to the addition product (Fig. 10.32A). Specific examples of activated double bond electrophiles that have been proposed for the anticancer drug leflunamide, the food antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, acetaminophen, the antiandrogen flutamide, the anticonvulsant felbamate and the cytotoxic cyclophosphamide as shown in Fig. 10.32C. The bioinaotivation pathways for these electrophilic intermediate can involve either direct addition, with or without transferases, depending upon the degree of polarization and reactivity of the electrophilic intermediate (hard vs soft electrophiles). 

Toluene, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone are, due to their cut-off values, not the first choice if UV detection is used to control the process. Tetrahydrofuran has to be avoided because for larger scale use it has to be stabilized with an antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene) that will finally end up in the product, often making an additional purification step necessary. 

As mentioned above many tumor promoters induce a cellular prooxidant state. Because poly(ADP) ribosylation of chromosomal proteins could play a role in active oxygen-induced modulation of gene expression by PMA we studied the effect of antioxidants. As shown in Fig. 2 for human fibroblasts 3229 the extracellular addition of moderate concentrations of CuZn-superoxide dismutase and catalase suppressed the PMA-induced accumulation of poly(ADPR) by 80-100%. Heated catalase was inactive. The low molecular weight antioxidant butylated-hydroxytoluene also suppressed the increase in poly(ADPR). These results suggest that active oxygen produced in a superoxide driven Fenton reaction represents an intermediate in the mechanism of action of PMA. The fact that the same antioxidants had no effect on poly(ADPR) synthesis induced by MNNG further emphasizes the fundamental difference between the two agents. 

Butylated hydroxyanisole, 2% petrolatum. Antioxidant Butylated hydroxytoluene, 2% petrolatum. Antioxidant Tocopherols, 10% petrolatum. Antioxidants Dodecyl gallate, 0.1% petrolatum. Antioxidant (van der Meeren 1987)... 

The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene is contained in food, adhesive glues, industrial oils and... 

Indometacin is often formulated in a macrogol base to get a good biological availability [33]. In that base discoloration and esterification may easily occur. Furthermore, the indometacin slowly crystallises giving the suppository a spotted appearance. The antioxidants butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) and disodium edetate are added to improve the stability as well as glycerol to limit crystallisation, for instance in Indocid suppositories (Aspen, UK) [34]. Nevertheless, a fatty base must be preferred. Indometacin is released almost equally from a fatty base as from a macrogol base [8a, 35, 36] and the... 

Fries, E. and Puttmann, W. (2002) Analysis of the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in water by means of solid phase extraction combined with GC-MS. Water Research... 

The highest antiproliferative activity of standard was observed by synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), reaching IC50 values in the range from 1.09-6.1 pg/ml in all investigated cell lines (Table 2). 

The standard approach to reducing scorch involves the addition of one or more antioxidants. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BFIT, see Appendix 1) has been the traditional foundation of the stabilization package. Phenolic antioxidants are used to protect the polyol firom oxidation during manufacture, minimize hydroperoxide formation during storage, and reduce scorch during PUR (poljoirethane) foam manufacture. The relatively high volatility of BHT can be a concern as it is easily volatilized out of... 

The fact that the same enzyme system can be involved both in lethal synthesis and detoxication can again lead to interactions between different dietary anutrients or drugs. Thus a number of antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, ethoxy-quin ) induce mixed-function monooxygenase, a process which may be considered an adaptive response. As a consequence of this induction, the toxicity of co-administered compounds may be enhanced or reduced, depending on whether the increased activity of the enzymes leads to increased production of toxic or inactive metabolites. In addition, the activity of these pathways is affected by nutritional status, which can further modify the toxic response. The problems of defining a unique no-untoward-effect level are obvious. 

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