Propylene carbonate organic solvents from

PEDOT, which has reactive methacrylate endgroups, is dispersible in an organic solvent such as nitromethane or propylene carbonate. Films cast from these solutions are smooth and scratch resistant and have good adhesion properties on many substrates. And thin films appear transparent blue with an optical transmittance up to 75 /o.i 4... 

Whereas the electrochemical decomposition of propylene carbonate (PC) on graphite electrodes at potentials between 1 and 0.8 V vs. Li/Li was already reported in 1970 [140], it took about four years to find out that this reaction is accompanied by a partially reversible electrochemical intercalation of solvated lithium ions, Li (solv)y, into the graphite host [64], In general, the intercalation of Li (and other alkali-metal) ions from electrolytes with organic donor solvents into fairly crystalline graphitic carbons quite often yields solvated (ternary) lithiated graphites, Li r(solv)yC 1 (Fig. 8) [7,24,26,65,66,141-146],... 

Darkowski and Cocivera [94] investigated trialkyl- or triarylphosphine tellurides, as low-valent tellurium sources, soluble in organic solvents. They reported the cathodic electrodeposition of thin film CdTe on titanium from a propylene carbonate solution of tri-n-butylphosphine telluride and Cd(II) salt, at about 100 °C. Amorphous, smooth gray films were obtained with thicknesses up to 5.4 p,m. The Te/Cd atomic ratio was seen to depend on applied potential and solution composition with values ranging between 0.63 and 1.1. Polycrystalline, cubic CdTe was obtained upon annealing at 400 C. The as-deposited films could be either p- or n-type, and heat treatment converts p to n (type conversion cf. Sect. 3.3.2). 

In the oxide region of gold electrodes, residual lead can be present, resulting from irreversible adsorption, and presence of hydroxide species has been postulated ]265]. Pb UPD on Au(lll) has also been studied in selected organic solvents, mainly propylene carbonate [284]. Results similar to those in aqueous solutions have been obtained. Deposition of Pb on Au electrodes coated by silver has also been studied [285]. Depending on the silver layer thickness, results typical for Pb deposited on Au or Ag have been obtained. 

Du Y, Cai F, Kong D-L et al (2005) Organic solvent-free process for the synthesis of propylene carbonate from supercritical carbon dioxide and propylene oxide catalyzed by insoluble ion exchange resins. Green Chem 7(7) 518-523... 

Within the class of organic electrolyte the discussion is focused today on the use or not of acetonitrile (AN, http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetonitrile). This solvent provides 10 times more ionic conductivity than propylene carbonate (PC) in the low-temperature range of the specification [37], In 2004, AN has been declassified in the EU from toxic to harmful. The change is currently under inspection in the State. IS014000 environmental standard do not prohibit any product as it is sometime mentioned. It requires a control and an improvement of the environmental and security situation. 

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in nonaqueous solutions is significant from the following viewpoints Firstly, hydrogen evolution reaction can be suppressed. Secondly, the concentration of water as a reagent can be accurately regulated and the reaction mechanism may be more easily studied. Thirdly, the solubility of CO2 in organic solvents is much liigher than in water. Various metal electrodes have been tested for CO2 reduction in some nonaqueous solvents, such as propylene carbonate (PC), acetonitrile (AN), DMF, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as tabulated in Table 5. Methanol is also used for CO2 reduction, and mentioned in the next Section. 

At ambient temperature, carbon dioxide is three to five times more soluble in most organic solvents than in water (Table I). The differences among polar (e.g. methanol, = 0.139) and nonpolar (e.g. carbon tetrachloride, % = 0- 094) solvents are small. Two solvents which have recently been of practical interest in removing carbon dioxide from natural gas are propylene carbonate ( ) and monoethanolamine (10) - this last ought to be classified as an acid-base reaction. Judging from the number of entries in the 10th collective index to Chemical Abstracts, there is a substantial chemical engineering literature on this topic. 

The work of H0iland (12, 16) has shown a striking difference between the K 5 values in water and in an organic solvent, propylene carbonate, and some of the data from his investigations at 25°C are shown in Table II. The numerical values of Kg s propylene carbonate are in all cases far larger and more positive than in water. The increment per CH2 group (in units of 10" cm mol" bar" ) is 10.4 in propylene carbonate, and -1.8 in water. Presumably the data in propylene carbonate are fairly typical for "normal" systems that do not show the special effects found in aqueous solutions. 

Minute pale yellow crystals from abs ale. Bitter taste. Darkens on exposure to light. Dec 225-230. uv max (ethanol) 328 nm, extinction 0.580. Sol in hot ale very sparing-ly sol in cold ale. Insol in water, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulfide, petr ether Practically insol in the other common organic solvents except glycols, Soly in propylene glycol about 1%. It is pos-... 

Organic solvent electrolyte. (The solvents actually used may differ in cells from different manufacturers. Typically, they include propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, or similar solvents). 

The choice of organic solvents permits the occurrence of certain reduction reactions of alkyl halides which, if attempted in aqueous solutions, would rapidly be inhibited by the precipitation of insoluble products on the electrode. Under mildly cathodic conditions, the formation of metal alkyls occurs in high yields when alkyl halides are reduced at cathodes of low boiling metals in acetonitrile, DMF or propylene carbonate containing quaternary ammonium supporting electrolytes. " Whilst the formation of lead tetraethyl from ethyl bromide in DMF proceeds irrespective of the substitution of a sodium salt for the quaternary ammonium salt, the same change of electrolyte in propylene carbonate no longer leads to metal alkyl products. ... 

---