Propylene carbonate solvent

Physical solvent type Fluor solvents (propylene carbonate example), Selexol Physical/chemical type Sulfinol Carbonate type Potassium carbonate Solution batch type Lo-Cat, Chemsweet Bed batch type Iron Sponge, Mol Sieve... 

The Fluor solvent, propylene carbonate, is used primarily for removal of COi from high pressure gas... 

T. It is always much smaller than rD. Furthermore, there is an apparent trend that as the ratio of 0/e increases the deviation from the Debye model becomes more severe (the solvent propylene carbonate [5] at low temperature shows an especially big deviation from t,). This trend is consistent with theories that go beyond the continuum model (see Section II.E). 

Figure 22. Theoretical estimates for the zero order free energies for the S0, LE, CT, and CT states as a function of the solvent coordinate z. The parameters have been adjusted in order to bring agreement between predicted and observed spectra for BA in the polar aprotic solvent, propylene carbonate. See text for further details.

Figure 24. Theoretical estimates for the adiabatic energies for the ground (S0) and first excited singlet state (S,) of BA in the solvent propylene carbonate. The equilibrium distribution function for each state is denoted by pcq.

Figure 27 shows p(z, t) calculated for BA with the appropriate static and dynamic parameters for BA in the polar aprotic solvent, propylene carbonate. The results show how the charge transfer in Sj occurs. At early times p(z, t) is highly peaked near zero z, where the LE probability is high. As time progresses, the charge transfer occurs and the system approaches the equilibrium configuration (see Section III.A). 

Electrolyte solvent Aprotic solvent Propylene carbonate, Diethyl carbonate, Dimethyl carbonate, Dimethoxy ethane... 

Because of the fundamental importance of solvent-solute interactions in chemical reactions, the dynamics of solvation have been widely studied. However, most studies have focused on systems where charge redistribution within the solute is the dominant effect of changing the electronic stale.[I,2] Recently, Fourkas, Benigno and Berg studied the solvation dynamics of a nonpolar solute in a nonpolar solvent, where charge redistribution plays a minor role.[3,4] These studies showed two distinct dynamic components a subpicosecond, viscosity independent relaxation driven by phonon-like processes, and a slower, viscosity dependent structural relaxation. These results have been explained quantitatively by a theory of solvation based on mechanical relaxation of the solvent in response to changes in the molecular size of the solute on excitation.[6] Here, we present results on the solvation of a nonpolar solute, s-tetrazine, by a polar solvent, propylene carbonate over the temperature range 300-160 K. In this system, comparisons to several theoretical approaches to solvation are possible. 

The Fluor solvent, propylene carbonate, is used primarily for removal of CO2 from high pressure gas streams. The author is familiar with a plant using propylene carbonate with 15-20% CO2 in the feed at about 800 psi. The CO2 off gas stream was used for enhanced oil recovery. Propylene carbonate loses economic incentive below about 12% acid gas in the feed." ... 

The work of H0iland (12, 16) has shown a striking difference between the K 5 values in water and in an organic solvent, propylene carbonate, and some of the data from his investigations at 25°C are shown in Table II. The numerical values of Kg s propylene carbonate are in all cases far larger and more positive than in water. The increment per CH2 group (in units of 10" cm mol" bar" ) is 10.4 in propylene carbonate, and -1.8 in water. Presumably the data in propylene carbonate are fairly typical for "normal" systems that do not show the special effects found in aqueous solutions. 

Carbon dionide and hydrogen sulfide Fluor solvent Propylene carbonate... 

Fig. 17. Plot of maximum specific conductance of non-aqueous LtClQ, solutions (x ) vs. solvent con Msition (4) of the mixed solvent propylene carbonate-dimethoxyethane at temperatures...

The InKa - 1/e dependence for universal media is linear in full range of permittivity. Validity of the following equation was evaluated for the mixed solvent propylene carbonate - 1,4-dioxane in the range of permittivity e=65 3 for the solutions Et4NBr... 

One can calculate ratio aoi pc dcb/ i, pc-py =1-36 using the data from Tables 9.10 and 9.11 and assess the leveling effect of the solvent propylene carbonate-pyridine on electrolyte strength. The ratio Upc dcb/ pc hac = 3.1 indicates that propylene carbonate-acetic acid has more pronounced leveling effect on electrolyte strength than propylene carbonate-pyridine. 

Experiments were conducted on trilayer PPy actuators to validate the effectiveness of the redox level-dependent admittance model. The electrolyte used was tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBA+PFg) in the solvent propylene carbonate (PC). The samples were predoped with PFg during fabrication, and the nominal concentration Co in the absence of DC bias was estimated to be fOOO mol/m based on the deposition conditions. In experiments different values of Cq were achieved by applying appropriate DC biases. Sinusoidal voltages of amplitude 0.05 V and frequency 0.08 — 200 Hz were superimposed on the DC voltage, as perturbations, for the measurement of admittance (or equivalently, impedance) spectra. 

FIGURE 9 Specific conductivity k versus molarity m at 25°C for BU4NCIO4 in mixed solvents propylene carbonate-acetonitrile (mole fraction of acetonitrile is indicated on the right side of each curve). Points measured data full lines Eq (79) dashed lines MSA equation. 

Potential-Programmed Electropolymerization (PPEP). This technique allows compositional modulation over distances of the order of 100 A. Mesoscopic layered structures with high lateral quality are produced by the PPEP method. An improvement of the flatness and uniformity of the layered structure is achieved by careful choice of an appropriate working electrode (silicon single-crystal wafer), monomer (pyrrole/bithiophene or pyrrole/3-methyl-thiophene) and solvent (propylene carbonate). The PPEP method can produce materials having desirable properties tailored by the quantum size effect [703-705]. 

Figure 10.15 Experimental and theoretical results showing the variation in the bending moment with the thickness for an actuator with the dimensions of 20 x 1 x 0.17 mm and for the salt TBA.PFg 0.25 M in the solvent propylene carbonate.

Novak et al. [735] identified CO2 as the oxidation product of propylene carbonate formed at a PPy electrode with infrared spectroscopy [735]. In another study, these authors useed in situ infrared spectroscopy and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DBMS) to observe the simultaneous oxidation of PPy and the solvent propylene carbonate, resulting in its incorporation into the polymer film [736]. 

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