Propylene carbonate solutions

Fig. V-5. The repulsive force between crossed cylinders of radius R (1 cm) covered with mica and immersed in propylene carbonate solutions of tetraethylammonium bromide at the indicated concentrations. The dotted lines are from double-layer theory (From Ref. 51).

Figure 60. Experimental responses to anodic potential sweeps carried out on a polypyrrole electrode in a 0.1 M UC104-propylene carbonate solution from -2500 to 300 mV, at 30 mV s-1 and different temperatures ranging between -10 and 40°C. Cathodic prepolarization was always performed at 25°C and maintained for 2 min, avoiding any difference in the degree of closure of the polymeric entanglement at the beginning ofthe potential sweep. (Reprinted from T. F. Otero, H.-J. Grande, and J. Rodriguez, J. Phys. Chem. 101, 8525, 1997, Figs. 3-11, 13. Copyright 1997. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society.)...

Darkowski and Cocivera [94] investigated trialkyl- or triarylphosphine tellurides, as low-valent tellurium sources, soluble in organic solvents. They reported the cathodic electrodeposition of thin film CdTe on titanium from a propylene carbonate solution of tri-n-butylphosphine telluride and Cd(II) salt, at about 100 °C. Amorphous, smooth gray films were obtained with thicknesses up to 5.4 p,m. The Te/Cd atomic ratio was seen to depend on applied potential and solution composition with values ranging between 0.63 and 1.1. Polycrystalline, cubic CdTe was obtained upon annealing at 400 C. The as-deposited films could be either p- or n-type, and heat treatment converts p to n (type conversion cf. Sect. 3.3.2). 

Fatas E, Herrasti P (1988) Voltammetric study of the electrodeposition of CdS films from propylene carbonate solutions. Electrochim Acta 33 959-965... 

Abe, T., Kawabata, N., Mizutani, Y., Inaba, M., and Ogumi, Z., Correlation between cointercalation of solvents and electrochemical intercalation of lithium into graphite in propylene carbonate solution, J. Electrochem. Soc. (2003) 150 (3), A257-A261. 

Ferrocene is dissolved in propylene carbonate solution (together with a suitable supporting electrolyte). The solution has a kinematic viscosity of u = 0.239 cm s and the diffusion coefficient of ferrocene is 3 x 10 cm s T Calculate the thickness of the diffusion layer at a frequency of 30 Hz. 

Figure 8.7 shows such a flow plot for the radical cation of the viologen species, l,l -bis(p-cyanophenyl)-4,4 -bipyridilium ( CPQ ), as the bis(tetrafluoroborate) salt in propylene carbonate solution, with the radical having been formed at a polished platinum electrode. The plot is seen to be linear, implying that, once formed, the CPQ radical cation is chemically stable. 

The emeraldine base form of polyaniline may also react in non-aqueous electrolytes, such as a LiClOl -propylene carbonate solution, with the formation of the conductive emeraldine hydroperchlorate salt ... 

As expected, the impedance responses obtained in practice do not fully match that of the model of Fig. 9.13. However, as shown by the typical case of Fig. 9.14 which illustrates the response obtained for a 5 mol% ClO -doped polypyrrole electrode in contact with a LiC104-propylene carbonate solution (Panero et al, 1989), the trend is still reasonably close enough to the idealised one to allow (possibly with the help of fitting programmes) the determination of the relevant kinetics parameters, such as the charge transfer resistance, the double-layer capacitance and the diffusion coefficient. 

Baranski and Lu [209] have carried out, applying microelectrodes, voltammetric studies on ammonium amalgam in propylene carbonate solutions at room temperatures. The sweep rates up to 80 V s were appropriate for the analysis of the formation kinetics of this compound. Experimental and numerical simulation results have shown that ammonium amalgam was formed via fast charge-transfer process and its first-order decomposition was characterized by the rate constant of about 0.6 s . Diffusion coefficient of NH4 radical in mercury was estimated to be about 1.8 X 10 cm s k The formal potential of NH4+ (aq)/NH4(Hg) couple was determined as—1.723 V (SHE). 

Nimon ES, Churikov AV. Electrochemical behaviour of Li-Sn, Li-Cd and Li-Sn-Cd alloys in propylene carbonate solution. Electrochim Acta 1996 41 1455-1464. 

Geronov Y, Zlatilova P, Moshtev RV. The secondary lithium-aluminum electrode at room temperature I. Cycling in LiC104-propylene carbonate solutions. J Power Sources 1984 12 145-153. 

FIGURE 14.11 Experimental (left) and simulated (right) TREPR spectra of the main-chain polymeric radical 2a from 248 nm laser flash photolysis of fi 3-PMMA in propylene carbonate solution at the indicated temperatures. Sweep width for all spectra is 100 G. Simulation parameters are listed in Table 14.2. 

The temperature dependences of electrolytic conductivity of several EMI salts are given in Figure 17.4 and compared with those of an aqueous solution (4.5 M H2SO4/H2O) and a nonaqueous propylene carbonate solution (1 M EtsMeNBFV PC) [36-38]. Note that most ionic liquids (Figure 17.4a) show inferior conductivity compared to their aqueous and nonaqueous counterparts (Figure 17.4h) at low temperatures. This is because of their higher viscosities, and their conductivities at —20°C are less than 1 mS cm EMIF 2.3HF is the only one exception. It shows... 

Li metal served as a reference electrode and a IM-LiClO propylene carbonate solution was used as an electrolyte. Purification of the chemicals used and cell design and assembly were as previously reported (2). 

FIGURE 2.12 Plots of tan" [d(-Z .,, )/dZr,>., vs./for V2O5 film electrodes with various pore structures in 1 M LiClO4/propylene carbonate solution at an electrode potential of 3.1 V vs. LiVLi. (From Jung and Pyun, 2006a. Electrochim. Acta 51, 2646-2655, with permission.)... 

A typical carbon dioxide removal system consists of an absorber where the feed gas is introduced at the bottom and the lean propylene carbonate solution is contacted with the rising gas in a countercurrent manner. The carbon dioxide content of the treated gas depends upon the initial content of C02 in the lean gas. The rich gas (containing the removed C02 and other compounds) is passed through an intermediate flash tank from where some of the low molecular hydrocarbons are recycled to the absorber. The stripped solvent is then passed through a low pressure flash tank where the carbon dioxide is flashed to the atmosphere and the lean gas is pumped back to the absorber. This process can be modified further to achieve lower C02 exit concentrations in the treated natural gas by adding strippers operating at atmospheric pressure followed by vacuum strippers. Power requirements for any of these units are very low, thus keeping the process very efficient and economical. 

Table 2. Electrode potential values (V) for the irreversible one-electron reduction of the linear species [M-Au-M]- in Propylene carbonate solution [25]...

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