Proposals, Experimental Approach section

In the hrst submove, the need for the proposed work is established in one or two gap statements. Gap statements, as the name implies, point out gaps in the held, in the form of questions that need to be answered, techniques that need to be developed, areas that need further exploration, and so forth. In the second submove, the gap is hlled (at least in part) by the proposed work. In these two submoves, the focus of the proposal shifts from the general research area to the more specihc research project, setting the stage for the next section of the proposal, Experimental Approach (see chapter 13). 

As you work through the chapter, you will write the Experimental Approach section of your own proposal. The Writing on Your Own tasks throughout the chapter guide you step by step as you do the following ... 

A move structure for the Experimental Approach section is shown in figure 13.1. The section is organized around three key moves (1) Share Prior Accomplishments, (2) Share Preliminary Results, and (3) Describe Proposed Methodology. These moves parallel the information requested in many RFPs. For example, the ACS Analytical Chemistry Graduate Fellowship RFP (excerpt llA) prompts applicants to summarize work already accomplished (i.e., prior accomplishments and preliminary results) and to summarize work planned for the term of the fellowship (i.e., proposed methodology). Similarly, the NSF CAREER award RFP (excerpt IIC) requires applicants to provide a summary of prior research accomplishments and an outline of the research plan, including the methods and procedures to be used. The Experimental Approach section is often the most technical section of the proposal. 

The first move of the Experimental Approach section is to share prior accomplishments. The term prior accomplishments refers to completed works (e.g., published articles or otherwise disseminated results) and other accomplishments (e.g., awards, collaborations) that are related to the proposed work. (Unrelated accomplishments may be listed in a separate biographical statement but should not be mentioned in the proposal.) The purpose of move 1 is to establish expertise and convince reviewers that you have the necessary skills to complete the proposed work. Move 1 usually begins at or near the start of the Experimental Approach section. The length of move 1 varies with each proposal. Typically, the section is longer for experienced researchers (i.e., those with prior grant support) because they have more accomplishments to share. Move 1 is often demarked with a level 2 heading. Common level 2 headings for move 1 are shown in table 13.2. 

In the third (and last) move of the Experimental Approach section, you describe how you will conduct your proposed work. A well-organized and logical progression of ideas is essential in this move. Most authors demark the start of this move with a level 2 heading, parallel to the level 2 headings used for moves 1 and 2. A few examples are shown in table 13.6. 

You are ready to complete the first full draft of your Experimental Approach section (moves 1, 2, and 3). Add headings, subheadings, and ordinal language, as needed, to organize your ideas and to help your reader recognize the breadth and depth of your proposed work. 

What will you do to make sure the Experimental Approach section of your proposal meets reviewers expectations ... 

The Project Description is typically divided into three main sections (table 11.3). The first main section introduces project goals and importance (chapter 12). The second section describes the experimental approach (chapter 13). The third section summarizes project outcomes and impacts (chapter 14). Each main section (and corresponding chapter) is organized by moves. The major moves are listed in table 11.3, along with headings that authors commonly use in their proposals to signal these moves. (Note For instructional purposes, we have reformatted the headings in proposal excerpts included in this module to conform to style 1, as depicted in table 11.3.)... 

In this fermentation process, sustained oscillations have been reported frequently in experimental fermentors and several mathematical models have been proposed. Our approach in this section shows the rich static and dynamic bifurcation behavior of fermentation systems by solving and analyzing the corresponding nonlinear mathematical models. The results of this section show that these oscillations can be complex leading to chaotic behavior and that the periodic and chaotic attractors of the system can be exploited for increasing the yield and productivity of ethanol. The readers are advised to investigate the system further. 

The discussion presented in the previous sections assumes that a process model is available. However, optimization of process operation is also possible when process models are not available. In this case, one must rely on available experimental process data and/or empirical modeling approaches. For instance, the process performance can be mapped within the experimental region of interest with the help of experimental design techniques. Experiments are performed in accordance with the proposed experimental design and empirical cubic models (or other types of empirical models) are fitted to the obtained experimental data. Then, the empirical models can be used to provide the searched optima. This type of experimental design-based optimization procedure was performed to optimize the operation of fermentors used for production of bacterial polyesters (177], as it is very difficult to develop a fundamental model for bacterial polymerizations. In this particular case, the medium composition was manipulated to allow for maximization of polymer production and rninirnization of the batch time. 

Using the general approach of the Section 6.3, an overall adsorption isotherm can be calculated after the local isotherm and the distribution of energy are given. The inverse problem, which is usually the more difficult problem, is more relevant in practice as experimental adsorption isotherm is readily measured and the problem is the one to determine the energy distribution if a local adsorption isotherm is assumed This t3q>e of approach is usually numerical by nature. Hobson (1965) proposed an approach whereby the distribution of energy function can be obtained analytically, and this section will briefly present his approach. 

Another structure of this type is (CCHs). Both - C and H NMR spectroscopy support a prentagonal pyramidal structure for this ion. For this and other proposed polyhedral cationic structures, recent methods for accurate calculation of NMR chemical shifts have proven to be especially valuable. A number of complex systems have recently succumbed to detailed analysis using a combined theoretical/experimental approach (see further discussion in Section 14.5.5). 

The paper is organized as follows in section 2 we identify the challenges for such a safety validation approach, in section 3 we explain our proposed approach, and in section 4 we describe experimental use of our approach to validate the safety of the Selective Velocity Obstacles approach. Section 5 summaries the paper and outlines our future plans. 

As pointed out in the Introduction section, the number of literature reports dealing with nanostmctures in amperometric sensing is increasing rapidly. In many cases, the nanosized materials involved and techniques proposed for their deposition onto electrode surfaces are actually variants of already known systems. On the contrary, some of the more innovative experimental approaches are so complex to be realised or require so much expensive instrumentation that they are very rarely adopted. Moreover, novel systems, such as multimetallic nano-objects and some multicomponent composite materials, are still poorly investigated. In addition, some nano-objects developed in the frame of different contexts, e.g. organic electronics and catalysis, could be exploited in amperometric sensors. 

The ability to harness alkynes as effective precursors of reactive metal vinylidenes in catalysis depends on rapid alkyne-to-vinylidene interconversion [1]. This process has been studied experimentally and computationally for [MC1(PR3)2] (M = Rh, Ir, Scheme 9.1) [2]. Starting from the 7t-alkyne complex 1, oxidative addition is proposed to give a transient hydridoacetylide complex (3) vhich can undergo intramolecular 1,3-H-shift to provide a vinylidene complex (S). Main-group atoms presumably migrate via a similar mechanism. For iridium, intermediates of type 3 have been directly observed [3]. Section 9.3 describes the use of an alternate alkylative approach for the formation of rhodium vinylidene intermediates bearing two carbon-substituents (alkenylidenes). 

The G2 and G3 methods go beyond extrapolation to include small and entirely general empirical corrections associated with the total numbers of paired and unpaired electrons. When sufficient experimental data are available to permit more constrained parameterizations, such empirical corrections can be associated with more specific properties, e.g., with individual bonds. Such bond-specific corrections are employed by the BAG method described in Section 7.7.3. Note that this approach is different from those above insofar as the fundamentally modified quantity is not Feiec, but rather A/7. That is, the goal of the method is to predict improved heats of formation, not to compute more accurate electronic energies, per se. Irikura (2002) has expanded upon this idea by proposing correction schemes that depend not only on types of bonds, but also on their lengths and their electron densities at their midpoints. Such detailed correction schemes can offer very high accuracy, but require extensive sets of high quality experimental data for their formulation. 

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