Proposals, Experimental Approach section describing

A move structure for the Experimental Approach section is shown in figure 13.1. The section is organized around three key moves (1) Share Prior Accomplishments, (2) Share Preliminary Results, and (3) Describe Proposed Methodology. These moves parallel the information requested in many RFPs. For example, the ACS Analytical Chemistry Graduate Fellowship RFP (excerpt llA) prompts applicants to summarize work already accomplished (i.e., prior accomplishments and preliminary results) and to summarize work planned for the term of the fellowship (i.e., proposed methodology). Similarly, the NSF CAREER award RFP (excerpt IIC) requires applicants to provide a summary of prior research accomplishments and an outline of the research plan, including the methods and procedures to be used. The Experimental Approach section is often the most technical section of the proposal. 

In the third (and last) move of the Experimental Approach section, you describe how you will conduct your proposed work. A well-organized and logical progression of ideas is essential in this move. Most authors demark the start of this move with a level 2 heading, parallel to the level 2 headings used for moves 1 and 2. A few examples are shown in table 13.6. 

The Project Description is typically divided into three main sections (table 11.3). The first main section introduces project goals and importance (chapter 12). The second section describes the experimental approach (chapter 13). The third section summarizes project outcomes and impacts (chapter 14). Each main section (and corresponding chapter) is organized by moves. The major moves are listed in table 11.3, along with headings that authors commonly use in their proposals to signal these moves. (Note For instructional purposes, we have reformatted the headings in proposal excerpts included in this module to conform to style 1, as depicted in table 11.3.)... 

Todd [37] proposed an equation to describe devolatilization in co-rotating twin screw extruders based on the penetration theory discussed in Section 5.4 and Section 7.6. The equation contains the Peclet number (see Eq. 7.371), which represents the effect of longitudinal backmixing. The Peclet number must be measured or estimated to predict the devolatilizing performance of an extruder. Todd selected a Peclet number of 40 to correlate predictions to experimental results. A similar approach was followed by Werner [38], A visualization study was made by Han and Han [39], particularly to study foam devolatilization, They found substantial entrainment of the bubbles in a circulatory flow region in a partially filled screw devolatilizer. Collins, Denson, and Astarita [40] published an experimental and theoretical study of devolatilization in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. The experimentally determined mass transfer coefficients were about one-third those predicted by the mathematical model. They concluded, therefore, that the effective surface area for mass transfer is substantially less than the sum of the areas of the screws and barrel. 

The paper is organized as follows in section 2 we identify the challenges for such a safety validation approach, in section 3 we explain our proposed approach, and in section 4 we describe experimental use of our approach to validate the safety of the Selective Velocity Obstacles approach. Section 5 summaries the paper and outlines our future plans. 

The ability to harness alkynes as effective precursors of reactive metal vinylidenes in catalysis depends on rapid alkyne-to-vinylidene interconversion [1]. This process has been studied experimentally and computationally for [MC1(PR3)2] (M = Rh, Ir, Scheme 9.1) [2]. Starting from the 7t-alkyne complex 1, oxidative addition is proposed to give a transient hydridoacetylide complex (3) vhich can undergo intramolecular 1,3-H-shift to provide a vinylidene complex (S). Main-group atoms presumably migrate via a similar mechanism. For iridium, intermediates of type 3 have been directly observed [3]. Section 9.3 describes the use of an alternate alkylative approach for the formation of rhodium vinylidene intermediates bearing two carbon-substituents (alkenylidenes). 

The G2 and G3 methods go beyond extrapolation to include small and entirely general empirical corrections associated with the total numbers of paired and unpaired electrons. When sufficient experimental data are available to permit more constrained parameterizations, such empirical corrections can be associated with more specific properties, e.g., with individual bonds. Such bond-specific corrections are employed by the BAG method described in Section 7.7.3. Note that this approach is different from those above insofar as the fundamentally modified quantity is not Feiec, but rather A/7. That is, the goal of the method is to predict improved heats of formation, not to compute more accurate electronic energies, per se. Irikura (2002) has expanded upon this idea by proposing correction schemes that depend not only on types of bonds, but also on their lengths and their electron densities at their midpoints. Such detailed correction schemes can offer very high accuracy, but require extensive sets of high quality experimental data for their formulation. 

In the preceding section, the remarkable salt concentration effect on the acid dissociation equilibria of weak polyelectrolytes has been interpreted in a unified manner. In this treatment, the p/( ,pp values determined experimentally are believed to reflect directly the electrostatic and/or hydrophobic nature of polyelectrolyte solutions at a particular condition. It has been proposed that the nonideality term (Ap/Q corresponds to the activity ratio of H+ between the poly electrolyte phase and the bulk solution phase, and that the ion distribution equilibria between the two phases follow Donnan s law. In this section, the Gibbs-Donnan approach is extended to the equilibrium analysis of metal complexation of both weak acidic and weak basic polyelectrolytes, i.e., the ratio of the free metal ion activity or concentration in the vicinity of polyion molecules to that of bulk solution phase is expressed by the ApAT term. In Section III.A, a generalized analytical treatment of the equilibria based on the phase separation model is presented, which gives information on the intrinsic complexation equilibria at a molecular level. In Secs. B and C, which follow, two representative examples of the equilibrium analyses with weak acidic (PAA) and weak basic (PVIm) functionalities have been presented separately, in order to validate the present approach. The effect of polymer conformation on the apparent complexation equilibria has been described in Sec. III.D by exemplifying PMA. 

In the following. Section 2 presents the electrical model employed for the cell-electrode system characterization, and its related parameters. Section 3 introduces the OBT circuit approach and the main circuit blocks employed for testing cell culture samples. Sensitivity curves are obtained for the proposed impedance-sensing method. Simulations and experimental results illustrating the agreement of the proposed technique are described in Section 4, and finally, Section 5 summarizes the work. 

In most cases Eq. 29b describes the experimental results well enough, and there is no urgent demand for its complete form (i.e., for Eq. 29a). The approach to adsorption chromatography proposed by Snyder and Soczewinski proved effective in many respects and enabled quantification of the important chromatographic parameters such as sorbent activity and the elution strength of solvents. These problems will be discussed more extensively in Section V. 

Various models for composite permeability as they relate to nanocomposites have been reviewed and different models have been proposed [41—44]. The simplest way to model any composite property is to use a rule of mixtures approach. Polymer nanocomposite properties, however, do not generally follow this rule. Instead, fillers with high aspect ratio particles will influence the permeability of gases through the matrix more than filler particles with lower aspect ratios. Alignment/orientation of the filler particles (with respect to the axis of gas permeation) also plays a significant role in bulk permeability. Five models are briefly described in Sections 8.5.1-8.5.5. Predictions from these models are later compared to experimental mass loss rates. 

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