Property law

See, e.g.. Testimony of Michael Kirschner, Immimex Corp., FTC Public Hearings Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy (Feb. 26, 2002) available at . 

Introduction to the variety of types of surfactants, effect of surfactants on aqueous solution properties. Law of mass action applied to the self-assembly of surfactant molecules in water. Spontaneous self-assembly of surfactants in aqueous media. Formation of micelles, vesicles and lamellar structures. Critical packing parameter. Detergency. Laboratory project on determining the charge of a micelle. 

Seeks to educate the public about the effects of intellectual property laws on the availability of health care and prescriptions drugs. 

Property laws must also be reconsidered. By definition, additional users can be added without exhaustion, congestion, or other costs. If the appropriation (investment) problem can be resolved, then the hegemony of absolutist property rules would crumble. If the appropriation (investment) issue is resolved, there is no reason to... 

Barriers to Imitation How is the idea protected from imitation by competitors Is it protected by intellectual property law through patent, copyright, or trademark If not, is it difficult to imitate by its nature How so Is it difficult to reverse engineer Is it protected as a trade secret Are there unique, exclusive sources of components or other supplies Are unique labor inputs required to develop, maintain, support, and extend the product or service ... 

Richard Koehn I do not think the universities have any idea how intellectual property laws relate to the general research mission of the institution or its desire to exploit the fruits of that research through commercialization. It is completely different when you are doing research in chemistry on a particular area and you see some particular applications in mind, but you are actually utilizing patented procedures or processes in that research. Have you violated the patent The question of a patent violation in research laboratories is extremely sophisticated, and most technology transfer offices at universities do not know that the issue exists or how to think about it. Now that the universities are thinking about exploiting the commercial value of a project, they need to ask what process was used to produce the fruits of that project. That is a different level of sophistication. 

The basic building blocks of business development deals are, for the most part, contracts. These contain various degrees of complexity depending on the number of elements and parties to the contract. Partnerships and joint ventures are other legal forms with which the business developer will need to become familiar. Another part of the law which you will need to be familiar is intellectual property law which, in the pharmaceutical industry, underlies most of the value of the products. Some of the practical issues that need to be addressed by business development will be discussed in this book, but no attempt to pre-empt legal advice or interpret the legal mind will be made. 

The information (the "Data" or the "Plunkett Data") contained in this printed version or electronic file is the property of Plunkett Research, Ltd. Copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties, protect the Plunkett Data. 

In Brazil, the safeguard of the rights of inventors, who are often obliged in some form to disclose their inventions or creations before filing a patent application, is established in the Industrial Property Law, Article 12, I to III (inventions and utility models), and Article 96, 3 (registration of industrial designs). The provisions of Article 12 are as follows ... 

The requirement of descriptive sufficiency is covered by Article 24 of Brazil s Industrial Property Law, which reads ... 

Under the terms of Article 8 of the Brazilian Industrial Property Law, patentable inventions are those that have the three basic requirements of novelty, inventive step, and industrial application. Additionally, from Article 50, II, if the specification does not clearly and sufficiently describe the subject matter so as to enable its reproduction by a technician in the subject, the so-called sufficiency of disclosure, it is against the provisions of Article 24, and is thus not accepted (Art. 50, II). 

Table 15.3 Patentable and non-patentable material according to Article 10, IX, and Article 18, III, of the Brazilian Industrial Property Law...

Regarding monitoring patent applications of third parties, Brazilian legislation allows any interested party to submit documents and information during an application process period, to assist the technical examination. This is provided in Article 31 of the Industrial Property Law, and can be done up to the final examination. The tools for this are the Industrial... 

My use of the term "simple to describe modern property law, whose intricacies provide employment to armies of legal professionals, will seem grossly misplaced. It is surely the case that property law has in many respects become an impenetrable thicket for ordinary citizens. The use of the term "simple in this context is thus both relative and perspectival. Modern freehold tenure is tenure that is mediated through the state and therefore readily decipherable only to those who have sufficient training and a grasp of the state statutes. Its relative simplicity is lost on those who cannot break the code, just... 

The land itself occasionally moves, due to landslides, erosion, avulsion, and accretion. For an interesting account of property law as it tries to deal with the mobility" of its subject, see Theodore Steinberg, Slide Mountain, or The Folly of Owning Nature (Berkeley University of California Press, 1995). 

Baudelaire s reluctance to enquire into literary property laws ( c etait inutile ) is in full accordance with his normal practice, but, more interestingly, this letter points out the inconsistencies on the subject of the status of translations and implies that concerns for the copyright of translations were paid sometimes little more than lip-service. One of the main reasons offered for the non-inclusion of translations in the literary property laws was that translation was often seen as a creative process. Comparing translator and counterfeiter, J. B. Duvergier noted that ... 

The contrast between oeuvre intelligente / acte materiel , amour des lettres / celui de l argent established by Duvergier echoes the concerns of the literary property laws, which were intended to protect creation. The connotations of the word oeuvre (both work and work of art), furthered by the epithet intelligente , leave no doubt as to the importance of the personal input of the writer in questions of authorship, while, in the case of the counterfeiter, what is underlined is precisely the lack of personal input, the neutrality of acte serving as a foil for materiel , which stresses the lack of inspiration involved in the process. Translation, for Duvergier as for many of his contemporaries, was a form of creation and, accordingly, unauthorized translation was less of a crime than the unauthorized reproduction of literary texts. 

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