Properties and Possible Applications

The catalytic potential of lanthanide hydroxide complexes have also been shown in more chemistry-oriented schemes. For example, the air- and moisture-stable pentanuclear complex, [Y5(p.4-OH)(p.3-OH)4(p.,Ti -Ph2aeac)4(Ti -Ph2acac)6], has been found to catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids in the presence of air [109]. 

2 Cluster-Polymer Hybrids with Enhanced Properties 

Three-dimensional cationic lanthanide hydroxide frameworks structures have been prepared by using amino acids or other types of bridging ligands [56, 74]. These materials possess nanosized pores that are occupied by water and counterions from the original synthesis. These materials may find zeolitic applications such as their uses for anion exchange or occlusion and activation of electron-rich substrates. 

In addition, hybrid materials have been made by doping diketonate cluster complexes of lanthanide hydroxide into organic polymers. The resulting materials exhibit lowered coefficients of thermal expansion, increased moduli, reduced solvent sensitivity while preserving acceptable thermal and mechanical properties [110]. 

Aqua complexes of Gd(III) with stabilizing ligands such as DTPA and DOTA have found extensive uses in clinical magnetic resonance imaging procedures [112,113]. These contrastenhancing agents work on the principle of altering the relaxation time (Ti) of water molecules 

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Considerable interest was placed on 2-vinylfuran in the years 1930-1950 and a number of patents and publications on its polymerization and copolymerization appeared. This work was aimed at exploring the potential of the new polymer and concentrated therefore, on descriptive aspects of its preparation, properties and possible applications (for bibliographies on this topic, see3, 80 81)). Little was done to shed light on the more fundamental aspects of the systems studied until about 20 years ago. The present publication reviews these later studies. 

Che, G., Lakshmi, B.B., Martin, C.R., and Fisher, E.R. Metal-nanocluster-filled carbon nanotubes Catalytic properties and possible applications in electrochemical energy storage and production. Langmuir 15, 1999 750-758. 

W. G. Simpson, Technical properties and possible applications of some new plastics materials , Manderstam Technical Digest (London), 1966, February, 19-23. 

Avgoustakis, K. (2004), Pegylated poly(lactide) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles Preparation, properties and possible applications in drug delivery, Curr. Drug Deliv., 1(4), 321-333. 

As a consequence of this, the properties and possible application of bentonites are determined by both the montmorillonite content and geological origin. The origin appears in the particle size and external surface properties. 

Several studies reviewed formulations, barrier properties and possible application of edible protein-based films (Table 23.3) (Gennadios et al. 1994 Krochta and Me Hugh 1997 Torres 1994). Overall, similarly to polysaccharide films, proteins exhibit relatively low moisture barrier properties, two to four times lower than conventional polymeric packaging materials (McHugh and Krochta 1994d). The limited resistance of protein films to water vapour transmission is attributed to their substantial hydro-philicity and to the amounts of plasticizers, such as glycerol and sorbitol, incorpo-... 

Finally, the polymers produced from the ROP reactions, which are very rare examples of high molecular weight, well-defined polymers with skeletal transition metal atoms held in close proximity to one another, are of considerable interest with respect to their properties and possible applications (93). The most promising materials derived from [1]- or [2]metallo-cenophanes appear to be the poly(ferrocenylsilanes) which are easy to prepare from the readily available starting materials, ferrocene and di-chloroorganosilanes, of which many are provided by the silicone industry. Although the main features of these polymers appear to have been elucidated, much detailed work remains to be done to fully understand the characteristics of these unusual materials. It is expected that many interesting developments will result in the near future from studies of the... 

In this chapter, stable polyyne-type compounds and materials are surveyed with regard to their synthesis, properties, and possible applications. They are classified into end-capped polyynes with or without metals and alternating co-polymers having a polyyne unit with or without metals. In order to determine the possible application of polyynes, the detailed chemical and physical properties in solution, and in the liquid, and solid states, must be known. 

Despite the interesting properties and possible applications, details concerning the formation of such defects, their structures and influence on the physical and chemical properties remain scarcely investigated. 

The kinetics of the deposition of In20i films have not been investigated by many groups, since most of them concentrate on the physical properties and possible applications. The published results are listed in Table 3-8. In addition, there are only two remarks about decomposition pathways. Maruyama andTabata [111] state that indium acetate needs no oxygen as reactant to form indium oxide, i.e., some of the metal-oxygen bonds are not broken during the deposition. Also, as proposed by Nomura and coworkers [122], the butylindium thiolate decomposes via formation of indium sulfides ... 

In summary, the products contain a mixture of reacted and unreacted sugar units, the reacted units containing the titanocene moiety connected through an ether linkage. Further studies of the properties and possible applications of these materials are currently in progress. 

SELECTED EXAMPLES OF PHTHALOCYANINES AND THEIR DERIVATIVES WITH SPECIFIC PROPERTIES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS... 

The synthesis of novel polymers, mostly polyesters and polyurethanes, based on mono and disaccharides (Hg. 1.15), together with their properties and possible applications, are described in Chapter 5. 

PHA research has spent many years in order to properly comprehend the production of these biopolymers and to examine the isolated crystallized biopolymers, its material properties, and possible application [10, 12, 18, 19]. There is greater understanding of the applied potential of biological and biopolymer-based self-assembly systems as well as bio-nanostructures, the granules formed inside the bacterial cells which can be functionalized by bioengineering with this, the interest from the greater scientific community is also increasing. 

Various aspects of SAM formation, structure, properties, and possible applications are discussed in other chapters. The properties of a SAM of a certain composition depend on a number of parameters, such as the solvent used for self-assembly, the concentration of the adsorbing molecules, the adsorption time and temperature, and to an appreciable degree, on the properties of the substrate. The latter include the substrate type, chemical composition, morphology, preparation, pretreatment, and cleanliness. 

The advances on synthesis, characterization, predicting adsorption properties, and possible applications of long-range ordered mesoporous materials are presented. 

Pseudo-poly(amino acids) were first described in 1984 (Kohn, 1984) and have since been evaluated for use in several medical applications (Kohn, 1987 Yu-Kwon, 1989 Zhou, 1990 Kohn, 1993 Mao, 1993). Although a range of different pseudo-poly(amino acids) has been prepared, detailed studies of the physical properties, biological properties, and possible applications of these polymers have so far been conducted only for a select group of new tyrosine- derived polycarbonates, polyiminocarbonates, and polyarylates. This review will encompass the work to date on these specific materials. 

Table 4. Properties and possible applications of plant lipases for sTAG synthesis...

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