Propane product distributions

Propane. The VPO of propane [74-98-6] is the classic case (66,89,131—137). The low temperature oxidation (beginning at ca 300°C) readily produces oxygenated products. A prominent NTC region is encountered on raising the temperature (see Fig. 4) and cool flames and oscillations are extensively reported as compHcated functions of composition, pressure, and temperature (see Fig. 6) (96,128,138—140). There can be a marked induction period. Product distributions for propane oxidation are given in Table 1. 

Product distribution for propane pyrolysis. [From Schutt, Chemical Engineering Progress, 50 (415), 1954. Used with permission.]... 

The volumetric expansion parameter S may thus be taken as 0.9675. The product distribution will vary somewhat with temperature, but the stoichiometry indicated above is sufficient for preliminary design purposes. (We should also indicate that if one s primary goal is the production of ethylene, the obvious thing to do is to recycle the propylene and ethane and any unreacted propane after separation from the lighter components. In such cases the reactor feed would consist of a mixture of propane, propylene, and ethane, and the design analysis that we will present would have to be modified. For our purposes, however, the use of a mixed feed would involve significantly more computation without serving sufficient educational purpose.)... 

Product Distributions from Hydrogenolysis of Propane and n-Hexane over Nickel Film Catalysts ... 

Table El4.1 A shows various feeds and the corresponding product distribution for a thermal cracker that produces olefins. The possible feeds include ethane, propane, debutanized natural gasoline (DNG), and gas oil, some of which may be fed simultaneously. Based on plant data, eight products are produced in varying proportions according to the following matrix. The capacity to run gas feeds through the cracker is 200,000 lb/stream hour (total flow based on an average mixture). Ethane uses the equivalent of 1.1 lb of capacity per pound of ethane propane 0.9 lb gas oil 0.9 lb/lb and DNG 1.0.

More recently the flash photolysis of diethyl mercury has been re-investigated by Fischer and Mains92. At 1.54 torr and 24 °C the major products are butane (36 %), ethylene (32 %), ethane (22 %), propane (6 %) and hydrogen (4 %). Only traces of methane were detected. The addition of perfluorodimethylcyclo-butane vapour did not alter the extent of photolysis, but the butane yield increased approximately 25 % while the yield of ethylene, ethane, hydrogen and propane all decreased. The change in product distribution occurred as the inert gas pres-... 

The main products formed by the catalytic alkylation of isobutane with ethylene (HC1—AICI3, 25-35°C) are 2,3-dimethylbutane and 2-methylpentane with smaller amounts of ethane and trimethylpentanes.13 Alkylation of isobutane with propylene (HC1—AICI3, — 30°C) yields 2,3- and 2,4-dimethylpentane as the main products and propane and trimethylpentanes as byproducts.14 This is in sharp contrast with product distributions of thermal alkylation that gives mainly 2,2-dimethylbutane (alkylation with ethylene)15 and 2,2-dimethylpentane (alkylation with propylene).16... 

Calculated Conversions and Product Distributions in the Postcatalytic Void Volume for Various Assumed Species Desorbed from V-Mg Oxide during Propane Oxidation at 570°C (from Ref. 32)... 

It is significant that the mixture yielded propane as the major product (Table III). As noted in our earlier paper on catalytic cracking (6), the predominance of C3 fragments in the cracked products and the absence of isobutane appeared to be a unique property of erionite. Our present data indicate that this is also true for hydrocracking over a dual function erionite. The only exception was that when n-pentane alone was hydro-cracked, equimolal quantities of ethane and propane were found. This shift in product distribution in the presence of n-hexane, a second crackable component, indicated that the reaction path within the intracrystalline space was complicated. 

Catalytic Activity, Selectivity, and Deactivation. The product distribution (in the C1-C5 range) remained relatively unchanged with increasing number of pulses for any given sample. For the original H-mordenite and the NH4N03-exchanged samples, propane was the major product (45-55 mole % of C1-C5). Propane and isobutane were comparable in amount (35-40 mole % each) for the two acid-extracted samples. The i-C4 n-C4 ratio was about 2 1 for samples 1, 4, and 5, and about 3 1 for samples 2 and 3, independent of pulse number. 

Explain why the product distribution in the chlorination of propane by sulfuryl chloride is expected to differ according to whether the hydrogen-abstraction step is accomplished by Cl- or -S02CI. 

Reaction of vinylcarbenoids with furans offers another level of complexity because the furanocyclo-propanes in this case would be divinylcyclopropanes capable of a Cope rearrangement as well as electro-cyclic ring opening to trienes.27b c As illustrated in Scheme 42, the product distribution was dependent on the furan structure. With 2,5-disubstituted furans [3.2.1 ]-bicyclic systems (202) were exclusively formed, but with furan or 2-substituted furans, trienes (203) were also produced. 

The yield of the alkane-alkene alkylation in homogeneous HF-TaF5 depending on the alkene-alkane ratio has been investigated by Sommer et al.149 in a batch system with short reaction times. The results support direct alkylation of methane, ethane, and propane by the ethyl cation and the product distribution depends on the alkene-alkane ratio (Figure 5.14). 

Product distribution data (Table V) obtained in the hydrocracking of coal, coal oil, anthracene and phenanthrene over a physically mixed NIS-H-zeolon catalyst indicated similarities and differences between the products of coal and coal oil on the one hand and anthracene and phenanthrene on the other hand. There were differences in the conversions which varied in the order coal> anthracene>phenanthrene coal oil. The yield of alkylbenzenes also varied in the order anthracene >phenanthrene>coal oil >coal under the conditions used. The alkylbenzenes and C -C hydrocarbon products from anthracene were similar to the products of phenanthrene. The most predominant component of alkylbenzenes was toluene and xylenes were produced in very small quantities. Methane was the most and butanes the least predominant components of the gaseous product. The products of coal and coal oil were also found to be similar. The most predominant components of alkylbenzenes and gaseous product were benzene and propane respectively. The data also indicated distinct differences between products of coal origin and pure aromatic hydrocarbons. The alkyl-benzene products of coal and coal oil contained more benzene and xylenes and less toluene, ethylbenzene and higher benzenes when compared to the products from anthracene and phenanthrene. The gaseous products of coal and coal oil contained more propane and butanes and less methane and ethane when compared to the products of anthracene and phenanthrene. The differences in the hydrocracked products were obviously due to the differences in the nature of reactants. Coal and coal oil contain hydroaromatic, naphthenic, heterocyclic and aliphatic structures, in addition to polynuclear aromatic structures. Hydrocracking under severe conditions yielded more BTX as shown in Table VI. The yields of BTX obtained from coal, coal oil, anthracene and phenanthrene were respectively 18.5, 25.5, 36.0, and 32.5 percent. Benzene was the most... 

Fig. 8.7 shows the product distributions determined by (a) a gas sensor system and (b) gas chromatography for propane oxidation over alkali Fe Si02 (=1 0.05 100). Since little alcohol was produced, there was no large difference between the signals from oxygenate sensors 1 and 2. When we compared the oxyge-... 

Fig. 1. Relation of product distribution to calculated contact time in propylene disproportionation. Data obtained in tests at 163 C and 450 p.s.i.g. with C0O-M0O3-AI2O3 catalyst and 60 propylene-40 propane feed (Ref. 1)...

Effects of pretreatment of freshly reduced catalyst with carbon monoxide on the product distribution obtained from propane dehydrogenation at 873 K. 

Yields Total aromatics yields as a wt% of fresh feed range from 61% for propane to 66% for mixed butanes feed. Hydrogen yield is approximately 7wt% fresh feed. Typical product distribution is 27% benzene, 43% toluene, 22% C8 aromatics and 8% C9+ aromatics. 

The nonstatistical population is the group of molecules that directly cross the diradical and produce 32x. Carpenter hypothesized that with increasing pressure, collisions will become more common such that energy will be redistributed away from the modes that lead to direct crossing of the diradical, yielding a more statistical product distribution. In other words, collisions provide the barrier so that the momentum can be redirected. The reaction of 2>l-d2 was carried out in supercritical propane in order to control the pressure. The ratio of 32x to 32n did... 

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