Promoters prostate-specific antigen

Majumdar S, Diamandis EP. The promoter and the enhancer region of the KLK 3 (prostate specific antigen) gene is frequently mutated in breast tumours and in breast carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 1999 79 1594-1602. 

Bharaj B, Scorilas A, Diamandis EP, et al. Breast cancer prognostic significance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the proximal androgen response element of the prostate specific antigen gene promoter. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000 61 111-119. 

Cleutjens KB, van Eekelen CC, van der Korput HA, Brinkmann AO, Trapman J. Two androgen response regions cooperate in steroid hormone regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter. J Biol Chem 1996 271 6379-6388. 

Riegman PH, Vlietstra RJ, van der Korput JA, Brinkmann AO, Trapman J. The promoter of the prostate-specific antigen gene contains a functional androgen responsive element. Mol Endocrinol 1991 5 1921-1930. 

S. Pang, S. Taneja, K. Dardashti, P. Cohan, R. Kaboo, M. Sokoloff, C. L. Tso, J. B. Dekernion, and A. S. Belldegrun, Prostate tissue specificity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter isolated from a patient with prostate cancer, Hum. Gene Ther. 6 1417 (1995). 

C. H. Lee, M. Liu, K. L. Sie, and M. S. Lee, Prostate-specific antigen promoter driven gene therapy targeting DNA polymerase-alpha and topoisomerase II alpha in prostate cancer, Anticancer Res. 16 1805 (1996). 

In one study, PLG microspheres bound to DNA using a cryogenic double emulsion process and injected intramuscularly into mice were found to promote transgene expression for up to 174 days after injection, dependent upon microsphere mass. More recently nanoparticles were constructed from carboxy terminated, PEG modified PGL polymers. These particles were conjugated with an aptamer to the prostate specific membrane antigen and evaluated for in vivo biodistribution in an LNCaP (PSMA+) xenograft mouse model of prostate cancer. In this study, the aptamer caused a 3.77-fold increase in polymer concentration in the tumor tissue after retro-orbital injection (79). 

Ikegami, S. et al.. Treatment efficiency of a suicide gene therapy using prostate-specific membrane antigen promoter/enhancer in a castrated mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Sci., 95, 367,... 

Cytokines have been under clinical investigation as adjuvants to vaccines, and IFNs and IL-2 have shown some positive effects in the response of human subjects to hepatitis vaccine. IL-12 and GM-CSF have also shown adjuvant effects with vaccines. GM-CSF is of particular interest because it promotes recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells such as the dendritic cells required for priming naive antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses. There are some claims that GM-CSF can itself stimulate an antitumor immune response, resulting in tumor regression in melanoma and prostate cancer. 

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