Progress in Technology

There is a view developing concerning the accomplishments of shock-compression science that the initial questions posed by the pioneers in the field have been answered to a significant degree. Indeed, the progress in technology and description of the process is impressive by any standard. Impressive instrumentation has been developed. Continuum models of materials behavior have been elaborated. Techniques for numerical simulation have been developed in depth. 

V. PROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGY 1. Single-Cell Investigations to Attain High Performance Levels... 

Experience accumulated over more than a century indicates that the major improvements in the effectiveness of radiation therapy were always associated with (or made possible by) significant progress in technology [3-5],... 

Oxidation. Immense progress in technology has imposed everinereasing demands oil the mechanical and chemical properties, in particular the oxidation and scaling resistance, of metallic ntalerials. 

McDonnell, T.F. and Tempe, S.A., The Effects of Engine Oil Additives on Vehicie Fuel Economy, Emissions, Emission Control Components and Engine Wear, SAE Progress in Technology Series, No. 27, p. 245, (1982). 

Automotive Exhaust Gases in Los Angeles, Vehicle Emissions I. SAE Progress in Technology Series (1964) 6, 7-16. 

Therefore, we can conclude that the counting technique started in 1970 lead to significant progress in recent years which is related to progress in technology. As can be seen in later sections, most of these machines were designed for special purposes where the photographic technique is not applicable. 

The information presented here and selected from patents is that which, in the opinion of the author, is the basic work done, showing the progress in technology. The review is not and cannot be complete. The reason is that know-how concerning poly(ester-imide)s is filed in patents having different classifications, and is difficult to retrieve (e.g. if it is filed in a patent having as the main claim the processing machine). Another reason is that particular company know-how never was patent protected because patent violation could not be proved, and the know-how was better kept secret. 

Progress in technology of nanosized materials has renewed attention to surface-enhanced optical phenomena. The nanoscale metals, which have important applications in snrface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [1], surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) [2, 3] and optoelectronic nanodevices are of particular interest. 

High-risk ventures should have payback periods of less than 2 yr. In these times of rapid progress in technology, most companies will not consider a project with a PBP of more than 4 yr. PBP is especially useful for simple equipment replacement problems. For example, should an old, inefficient pump be replaced with a new, energy-efficient model. This decision is clear if the PBP is less than 1 yr. PBP should never be used for final decisions on large projects because it gives no consideration to the period of plant operation after the payback period. 

Research reactors were built according to the standards and with the equipment available at the time of construction. Since then progress in technology, especially in electronics has been made. Even if the original instrumentation and control systems of the reactor still function well, getting spare parts becomes difficult. This may make it necessary to replace the entire instrumentation and control system in order to facilitate a proper maintenance programme. 

Due to the progress in technology and development of intensive fuel reprocessing methods, applying centrifugal extractor batteries, there is a strong demand for the method to observe closely some process facilities from the criticality point of view. This paper presents experiments with on-line, anomalous reactivity prediction of spme facilities, providing alarm and possible plant protection functions. 

Yet, we start from Chapter 2. We had two reasons for this. The first reason is the magic word nano in its title. The second reason is that this chapter gives a good example of how academic issues discussed by pure theoreticians can become very fresh and practically important, due to progress in technology and experimental possibilities. From a theoretical viewpoint, this chapter suppHes one with a trace of the long activity (published mainly in Russian), related to the role of nonequilibrium vacancies in interdiffusion processes. 

As described in Chapters 4,5, and 7, the past 10-15 years have witnessed remarkable progress in technologies that facilitate direct electron exchange between electrodes and proteins [1], Direct exchange of electrons between native redox enzymes and electrodes enables fundamental voltammetric studies of these biocatalysts and permits electrodes to replace the enzyme s natural redox partners. This approach avoids the necessity for electron mediators, simplifying the design of biosensors and bioreactors. 

The same story as given above can be told about to the development of many other electronic products, such as recorders, TV sets, computers etc. Beside the miniaturization of the equipment, the number of built-in functions greatly increased. These developments have been accepted world-wide as a logical progress in technological possibilities. 

H. Stawowy, Stainless steel production, present status and progress in technology and economics, 2nd European International Congress Stainless Steels 96, DUsseldorf/Neuss, Germany, June 3-5, 1996, 1-7. 

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