Profiles of Mood States

Therapists and counselors also may wish to use one of several brief instruments that assess moods and emotions. These measures identify extreme emotional states that place the client at risk for drug use. A couple of the more well-known assessments include the Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, Droppleman, 1992) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (Herron, Bernstein, Rosen, 1968), which ask clients about various moods and emotions that they are experiencing at the moment. Furthermore, examining how the client socially interacts in therapy and treatment can identify strengths and weaknesses in the way a client is able to express emotions. If there are problems with identifying or expressing emotions, then the therapist or counselor can assess whether those problems are related to skill deficits. 

McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., Droppleman, L. F. (1992). POMS manual Profile of Mood States. San Diego Educational and Industrial Testing Services. 

Plutchik Geriatric Rating Scale (PLUT) 16. Profile of Mood States (POMS) X X... 

Profile of Mood States. Profile of Mood States (POMS) self-rating scale is used in both normals and psychiatric outpatients to evaluate feelings, affect, and mood. It has been widely used in medicine trials. The 65 adjectives included in this test may be used to rate the present and/or previous week. This test requires from 5 to 10... 

McNair, D.M., Loit, M., and Droppleman, L.F., Manual for the Profile of Mood States, Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, 1971. 

Mood and affect Profile of Mood States Evaluate, by questionnaire, anger, tension, confusion, depression, etc. 

Despite the co-occurrence of sleep disturbances with virtually all infectious diseases, relatively few studies have looked at the exact nature of sleep changes associated with infection. Reports of sleep during rhinovirus 23 infection (the cold virus) have included a decrease in sleep duration and sleep efficiency, with an associated reduction in neurobehavioral performance (vigilance) and a trend for reduced subjective vigor (Profile of Mood States, POMS) (190). 

Perhaps the most common type of verbal report used in sleep deprivation studies is a measure of subjective sleepiness. Subjective sleepiness is generally assessed by self-report scales (see also Chap. 1), such as the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (19), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (20), visual analog scales (21), and the vigor and fatigue subscales on the Profile of Mood States (POMS Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA). These measures have been used in studies on the effects of sleep deprivation (22-25), shift work (26-28), and sleep disorders (29,30). 

A later study supported the findings that methylphenidate s benefits are most apparent in sleep-deprived/sleep-restricted volunteers. Roehrs et al. (52) compared the effects of 09 00 doses of 10 mg methylphenidate to placebo on sleepiness (Multiple Sleep Latency Test, MSLT), Profile of Mood States (POMS) ratings, and divided-attention performance after either 4 or 8 hr of sleep. After these test days, the 4- and 8-hr sleep conditions were repeated, but this time subjects were given their choice of drug or placebo. Results indicated that performance was improved by methylphenidate, most notably after the 4-hr condition. Methylphenidate also improved sleep latency and mood, but only after restricted sleep. During the choice phase of the study, subjects showed a preference for methylphenidate after 4 hr sleep (in 88% of opportunities), but not after 8 hr sleep (in only 29% of opportunities), suggesting that the preference for methylphenidate depended on the perceived sleepiness level of the individual. 

One final common inclusion in many studies of occupational behavioral toxicology and in some test batteries is assessments of symptoms experienced by those exposed to chemicals. While this might be perceived as an ostensibly simple procedure, it entails numerous potential confounds. These evaluations are typically administered via questionnaires. Items for the questionnaire must be carefully constructed with respect to not only the choices of items but also the wording of the text and the manner in which the response is recorded. Clearly, the motivation of the subject in answering the questions must be considered. One problem can arise when the list of symptoms includes only those that are associated with the toxicant of concern. It is necessary to include symptoms that are not associated with the particular toxicant under evaluation so that some assessment of the tendency of the subject to respond positively to all symptoms can be evaluated. Several such evaluations of subjective and mood states are available. The most widely used is the Profile of Mood States (POMS), which consists of 65 adjectives of various moods that the subject answers according to a 5-point rating scale. The POMS has been used extensively in the evaluation of the acute effects of CNS drugs and toxicants. 

In a dietary study of 11 men in a metabolic unit, selenium intake (80 pg/day for the first 21 days, then either 13 (n=6) or 356 (n=5) pg/day for 14 weeks) was reported to have no significant effect on mood, as measured using the Bi-Polar form of the profile of mood states (POMS) (Hawkes and Hornbostel 1996). However, subjects with initially low selenium levels did show significantly greater decreases in mood scores during selenium depletion. 

Each study employed a variety of related assessments. In the dextroamphetamine and triazolam studies, flight performance was objectively measured by eomputer in a UH-60 helicopter simulator or aircraft while subjects flew a standardized course central nervous system (CNS) function was measured ly a resting eyes-open/eyes-closed electroencephalograph (EEG) mood and/or sleepiness were measured by self-report instruments such as the Profile of Mood States (POMS) or the Stanford Sleepiness Scale and vigilance and cognition were measured with the Walter Reed Performance Assessment Battery (PAB), the Synthetic Work Battery (SYNWORK), or the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATE). 

Profile of mood states limbic system for emotional memory... 

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