Profile-measuring devices

Ever since and until the end of the 1960s, many other devices were developed, namely, the Benkelman profilometer (1922), the Hveem profilograph (1929), BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) road roughness-trailer unit device (1941), the AASHTO profilometer (1960s), CHLOE profilometers (the initials come from the names of the inventors) (1960s) and others. Details of all the devices mentioned can be found in Hveem (1960) and Less (1974). 

pavement surface profile or pavement unevenness (or roughness) is usually measured by rolling devices or by dynamic devices, mounted on a specially designed trailer and pulled by the vehicle or mounted on the test vehicle. 

Rolling devices are used over short road sections for quality control and quality acceptance (QC/QA), while the dynamic devices are used, primarily, for pavement evenness surveys in the longitudinal and, depending on the device used, in the transverse direction. 

Dynamic relative displacement or RTRRMS (roughness meters) 

Measure the true surface profile of the pavement. Reference elevation is the instrument height or position. Roughness is determined in the fundamental index IRI. Typical devices rod and level. Dipstick and walking profiler. 

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Table 3.3 summarizes the history of the development of wave-profile measurement devices as they have developed since the early period. The devices are categorized in terms of the kinetic or kinematic parameter actually measured. From the table it should be noted that the earliest devices provided measurements of displacement versus time in either a discrete or continuous mode. The data from such measurements require differentiation to relate them to shock-conservation relations, and, unless constant pressures or particle velocities are involved, considerable accuracy can be lost in data processing. 

The mathematical procedure to calculate RN was developed by NCHRP Report 275 (Janoff et al. 1985) and the software for computing the RN from mean panel rating was developed by Sayers and Karamihas (1996). Details on the RN rating scale, the intermediate points and the equation to compute RN from inertial profile-measuring devices can be found in ASTM E 1489 (2008). 

ASTM E 1489.2008. Standard practice for computing ride number of roads from longitudinal profile measurements made by an inertial profile measuring device. West Conshohocken, PA ASTM International. 

An imponant component of the complex metallizations for both semiconductor devices and magnetic media is the diffusion barrier, which is included to prevent interdiffiision between layers or diffusion from overlyii layers into the substrate. A good example is placement of a TiN barrier under an Al metallization. Figure 7a illustrates the results of an SNMSd high-resolution depth profile measurement of a TiN diffusion barrier inserted between the Al metallization and the Si substrate. The profile clearly exhibits an uneven distribution of Si in the Al metallization and has provided a clear, accurate measurement of the composition of the underlying TiN layer. Both measurements are difficult to accomplish by other means and dem-... 

Given limits to the time resolution with which wave profiles can be detected and the existence of rate-dependent phenomena, finite sample thicknesses are required. To maintain a state of uniaxial strain, measurements must be completed before unloading waves arrive from lateral surfaces. Accordingly, larger loading diameters permit the use of thicker samples, and smaller loading diameters require the use of measurement devices with short time resolution. 

Some analytical instruments produce a table of raw data which need to be processed into the analytical result. Hyphenated measurement devices, such as HPLC linked to a diode array detector (DAD), form an important class of such instruments. In the particular case of HPLC-DAD, data tables are obtained consisting of spectra measured at several elution times. The rows represent the spectra and the columns are chromatograms detected at a particular wavelength. Consequently, rows and columns of the data table have a physical meaning. Because the data table X can be considered to be a product of a matrix C containing the concentration profiles and a matrix S containing the pure (but often unknown) spectra, we call such a table bilinear. The order of the rows in this data table corresponds to the order of the elution of the compounds from the analytical column. Each row corresponds to a particular elution time. Such bilinear data tables are therefore called ordered data tables. Trilinear data tables are obtained from LC-detectors which produce a matrix of data at any instance during the... 

Recent review articles ([16,17] and references therein) allow the interested reader to get a broader picture of this exciting research domain and related applications. In the following (Sect. 10.2), we will mainly devote ourselves to the principles of the main ion acceleration mechanism, and to the way the temporal profile of the laser pulse, and more specifically the beam contrast ratio, can influence it. In particular, we will briefly review the main theoretical and experimental published work concerning the action of a plasma gradient on ion acceleration characteristics. Section 10.3 presents the contrast improvement device we have implemented for our laser beam, and the related temporal profile measurements. In Sect. 10.4, we will show and discuss the main results obtained using ultra high contrast (UHC) laser pulses in laser-driven ion acceleration experiments. Finally, an example of the exploitation of the particular features of UHC pulses in laser-driven ion acceleration will be given in Sect. 10.5. 

Velocity Profile Effects Many variables can influence the accuracy of specific flow measurement methods. For example, the velocity profile in a closed conduit affects many types of flow-measuring devices. The velocity of a fluid varies from zero at the wall and at other stationary solid objects in the flow channel to a maximum at a distance from the wall. In the entry region of a conduit, the velocity field may approach plug flow and a constant velocity across the conduit, dropping to zero only at the wall. As a newtonian fluid progresses down a... 

Fig. 5. Types of apparatus and their respective effects on axial voidage profile. 1, fast fluidized bed 2, intermediate hopper 3, cyclone 4, slow fluidized bed 5, downcomer 6, solids rate controlling device 7, solids rate measurement device 8, suspension section.

The high-speed profilometer that uses inertial pendulum for the determination, by contact, of the horizontal plane of reference has been developed by Laboratoire Central des Fonts et Chaussees (LCPC, France). It is known as the APT profilometer (lengthwise profile analyser in French). The device is a specially designed trailer with a combination of instruments and built-in mechanical properties that allow profile measurement. 

VII.73. An example of variability in measurement technique is provided by France, which currently specifies the use of a simple gamma detector measurement to verify bumup credit allowances for less than 5600 MW d/MTU but more direct measurement of fuel bumup for allowance of higher irradiation [VII.39]. For this second measurement, France rehes on two instruments that verify the reactor bumup records based on active and passive neutron measurements. In the USA a measurement device similar to one used in France has been demonstrated by Ewing [VII.40, VII.41] to be a practical method for determining if an assembly is within the acceptable fuel region of Fig. VII.2. If the axial bumup profile is identified as an important characteristic of the spent nuclear fuel that is relied upon in the safety analysis, then similar measurement devices could also potentially be used to ascertain that the profile is within defined limits. 

In the present work an attempt has been made to study the pressure profile generated by the compression bandages and garments using fabricated prototype pressure measuring device (mannequin leg). The effect of creep and fabric to fabric friction on the pressure profile of the compression bandages is noted to assess their contribution for repeated us. ... 

There are roughly three classes of viscosimeters available the capillary viscosimeter, the rotational viscosimeter, and the falling-ball viscosimeter. Both the capillary and the rotational viscosimeters are built in different versions that allow for the exact determination of the viscosity in well-defined flow fields. Especially rotational viscosimeters allow the exact adjustment of a constant flow profile, thus are available in high precision and expensive versions as rotational rheometers. Capillary viscosimeters are the best compromise between the exact determination of viscosity and a well-priced measurement device, and are therefore the most commonly found type of viscosimeters. Both rotational and capillary viscosimeters are available in simple and inexpensive versions as Brookfield viscosimeters and flow... 

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