Products classification examples

The development of chemical products has been led by the industry. Not surprisingly, the language that is used has served to the necessities of the company and the market. That is why product classifications have been ambiguous and changing through time [26], For example, chemical products had been classified based on the prices and uses. 

In Figure 15.4-2, each point represents a kind of chemical product. For example, point number 5 represents chemical products, which are compound products with complementary to the environment, and where the properties are basically the properties of each product component. Usually, the products of the type number 1 are the simplest, whereas the products of the type number 8 are the most complex. Of course, products of the type number 1 can be more difficult to design than the type number 2, for example, big and complex molecules. Figure 3 shows examples of chemical products according to this classification. 

In this paper, three methods to transform the population balance into a set of ordinary differential equations will be discussed. Two of these methods were reported earlier in the crystallizer literature. However, these methods have limitations in their applicabilty to crystallizers with fines removal, product classification and size-dependent crystal growth, limitations in the choice of the elements of the process output vector y, t) that is used by the controller or result in high orders of the state space model which causes severe problems in the control system design. Therefore another approach is suggested. This approach is demonstrated and compared with the other methods in an example. 

Two examples drawn from different areas of tourist product classifications will illustrate how the conceptual framework illustrated above can heighten the appreciation of existing schemes and build new cross-situational comparisons. 

The electronic nose arrays have today successfully been used in a vast number of applications. The electronic noses are particularly appealing in food analysis since they resemble the traditional way of controlling the quality of foodstuffs. The electronic nose is already applied as a complement to sensory test panels in the food industry for product quality classification. Examples of applications are classification of grains [6] and beer [7]. Examples of other consumables tested are tobacco [8] and perfumes [9]. Applications in other areas such as environmental control and pulp and paper quality are also reported in over five hundred references currently found in the literature on electronic noses. 

Medicines may also be exempted from POM classification if there are limitations on the use of the product. An example would be hydrocortisone cream 1% normally categorised as a POM but as a P medicine in packaging that limits the use of the cream to the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, insect bite reactions and mild to moderate eczema it should be applied sparingly once or twice a day for a maximum of one week. The P form or over-the-counter (OTC) form is only licensed for those indications and dosages listed above and further restriction to sales include unsuitability for OTC sale to treat ... 

Although more elaborate classification schemes have been developed, we will organize animal viruses into just four categories to reflect the nucleic-acid form of the virus and the first replicative product. For example, the classification "RNA-RNA" refers to an RNA virus that converts its RNA genome into a complementary RNA strand as a first step in replication. Similarly, a "RNA-DNA" virus is one that converts the RNA of the virion into... 

In another method of classification of crystallizers, the equipment is classified according to the method of suspending the growing product crystals. Examples are crystallizers where the suspension is agitated in a tank, is circulated by a heat exchanger, or is circulated in a scraped surface exchanger. 

For some applications, in which the fines mentioned represent the product, for example, powder classification or mineral beneficiation, the net efficiency of fines is referred to as the confusing term of "recovery."... 

Examples of products classification Table 6.6 Examples of products classification... 

In this example the product can be variously described as a seconc/ary alcohol a ben zy//c alcohol and an a//y//c alcohol Can you identify the structural reason for each classification" ... 

The importance of hydrolysis potential, ie, whether moisture or water is present, is illustrated by the following example. In the normal dermal toxicity test, namely dry product on dry animal skin, sodium borohydride was found to be nontoxic under the classification of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Furthermore, it was not a skin sensitizer. But on moist skin, severe irritation and bums resulted. 

A classification by chemical type is given ia Table 1. It does not attempt to be either rigorous or complete. Clearly, some materials could appear ia more than one of these classifications, eg, polyethylene waxes [9002-88 ] can be classified ia both synthetic waxes and polyolefins, and fiuorosihcones ia sihcones and fiuoropolymers. The broad classes of release materials available are given ia the chemical class column, the principal types ia the chemical subdivision column, and one or two important selections ia the specific examples column. Many commercial products are difficult to place ia any classification scheme. Some are of proprietary composition and many are mixtures. For example, metallic soaps are often used ia combination with hydrocarbon waxes to produce finely dispersed suspensions. Many products also contain formulating aids such as solvents, emulsifiers, and biocides. 

In kaohn classification, the product is typically measured with a certain percentage less than a given size (example 90 percent or 95 percent less than 1 or 2 lm). Each combination of percent and size cut represents a condition by which the centiifuge would have to tune to yield the product specification. 

Based on the information contained in these figures it is possible to draw an area classification diagram of the facility. Figure 17-15 shows an example for a typical offshore production platform. 

We now consider a type of analysis in which the data (which may consist of solvent properties or of solvent effects on rates, equilibria, and spectra) again are expressed as a linear combination of products as in Eq. (8-81), but now the statistical treatment yields estimates of both a, and jc,. This method is called principal component analysis or factor analysis. A key difference between multiple linear regression analysis and principal component analysis (in the chemical setting) is that regression analysis adopts chemical models a priori, whereas in factor analysis the chemical significance of the factors emerges (if desired) as a result of the analysis. We will not explore the statistical procedure, but will cite some results. We have already encountered examples in Section 8.2 on the classification of solvents and in the present section in the form of the Swain et al. treatment leading to Eq. (8-74). 

Class 111 or serious machinery include major plant equipment that do not have a dramatic impact on production but that contribute to maintenance costs. An example of the serious classification would be a redundant system. Since the inline spare could maintain production, loss of one component would not affect production. However, the failure would have a direct impact on maintenance cost. 

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