Production of citric acid from

An example of an oxidation reaction is the production of citric acid from glucose ... 

Haq, L, Ali, S., Iqbal, J. (2003). Direct production of citric acid from raw starch by Aspergillus niger. Process Biochem., 38, 921-924. 

Controlled Oxidative Fermentations—by which a number of industrial chemicals are produced. Citromyces. for example, can be used fur the production of citric acid from sugar. Aspergillus niger will yield oxalic acid by partial oxidative fermentation, but if the mold is permitted to remain in contact with the acid, il will convert it to carbon dioxide. 

Fig. 8. Fed-batch production of citric acid from glucose by A. niger in a bubble column [43]. Bubble column 500-ml working volume temperature 35°C aeration 1.5 wm...

Imandi, S.B. V.V.R. Nabdaru S.R. Somalanak H.R. Garapati. Optimization of medium constituents for the production of citric acid from byproduct glycerol using doehlert experimental design. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2007, 40, 1367-1372. 

The production of canned crab and shrimp meat as well as the production of citric acid from Aspergillus niger originates very large amounts of chitinous wastes, which not only represent a worry from the ecological standpoint, but also a destruction of renewable polysaccharidic resources 10, Moreover, insects destroy a substantial aliquot of our crops thus, since insects possess a chitinous exoskeleton and their larvae are protected by a chitinous membrane, H an important approach to the crop protection and insect control is the inhibition of chitin biosynthesis 12-15 also interested in protecting... 

Mourya S, Jauhri K. Production of citric acid from starch-hydrolysate by Aspergillus niger. Microbiol Res 2000 155 37-44. 

Roukas T, Kotzekidou P. Production of citric acid from brewery wastes by surface fermentation using Aspergillus niger.f Food Sci 1986 51 225-8. 

Tran C, Sly L, Mitchell D. Selection of a strain of Aspergillus for the production of citric acid from pineapple waste in solid-state fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1998 14 399-404. 

A.P. (1994) Use of agarose-entrapped Aspergillus niger cells for the production of citric-acid from soy whey. Appl Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 41, 571-573. 

Gas and liquid can conveniently be contacted, with gas dispersed as bubbles, in agitated vessels whenever multistage, countercurrent effects are not required. This is particularly the case when a chemical reaction between the dissolved gas and a constituent of the liquid is required. The carbonation of a lime slurry, the chlorination of paper stock, the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, the aeration of fermentation broths, as in the production of penicillin, the production of citric acid from beet sugar by action of microorganisms, and the... 

Itaconic 2Lcid[97-65-4] (methylenebutanedioic acid, methylenesuccinic acid) is a crystaUine, high, melting acid (mp = 167-168) produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates (1 4). Itaconic acid is produced in the broth from citric acid (qv). Isolated from the pyrolysis products of citric acid in 1836, this a-substituted acryUc acid received its name by rearrangement of aconitic, the acid from which it is formed by decarboxylation. 

Citric acid, which prior to 1922 was made entirely from citrus fruits and mainly in Italy, is now produced almost exclusively by the fermentation of sucrose by means of a mold, Aspergillus niger. At first pure sucrose was used for this process but more recently molasses has been used instead. Practically the whole of the world production of citric acid is used as such in medicinal preparations, in making soft drinks and in certain foods. The textile industries use small amounts, and it is also... 

Separation of citric acid from fermentation broth Separation of lactic acid from fermentation broth Production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) from potato wastes Separation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids... 

Papanikolaou, S., Muniglia, L., Chevalot, I., Aggelis, G. and Marc, I. 2002. Yarrowia Lipolytica as a Potential Producer of Citric Acid from Raw Glycerol. J. Appl. Microbiol., 92, 737-744. Papanikolaou, S., Ruiz-Sanchez, P., Pariset, B., Blanchard, F. and Fick, M. 2000. High Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Industrial Glycerol by a Newly Isolated Clostridium Butyricum Strain. J. Biotechnol., 77, 191-208. 

Previously, itaconic acid was isolated from pyrolytic products of citric acid or produced by converting aconitic acid present in sugar cane juice. It is now produced on a commercial basis predominantly by direct fermentation of sugars. The biosynthesis of itaconic acid follows the metabolic sequence shown in Figure 30.15. 

Itaconic acid was isolated in 1836 from the pyrolysis products of citric acid (7) and the pol3mierization of the ethyl ester was observed by SwAETS in 1873 (2). While many patents relating to the acid and its esters as monomers have issued since that time, only recently have reports begun to appear in the scientific journals. The voluminous patent literature describes the use of polymeric itaconic acid derivatives in such applications as protective and decorative coatings, synthetic fibers, oil additives and rigid plastics as well as many others. Several summaries of the patent art and present commercial applications are available (3). Such information has been omitted from this review, which is directed primarily toward chemical behavior of the itaconic monomers and polymers. 

Several simple acids, such as oxalic and citric, were isolated from Aspergillus niger in 1891-1893. Commercial methods for the microbiological production of citric acid (1.9) were developed in the early 1920s. 

Commercial citric acid fermentation began with the pioneering work of Currie (1917) in the United States, who initiated the first successful industrial production of citric acid in 1923 with Chas. Pfizer in Brooklyn [8]. This venture almost demolished the market position of citric acid from citrus fruits held by Italy. Soon after, attempts were made to establish respective plants in Europe. Interestingly, the first patent was applied for in Austria in 1923 by J. Sziics from... 

Today, most bipolar ion exchange membranes are industrially used in continuous ion exchange reactions across the membrane by the use of H+ and OH-generated from the bipolar ion exchange membrane. Examples include separation of gluconic acid from gluconate,28 production of amino acids from amino acid salts,29 separation of citric acid from citrate,101 ion exchange of soybean protein,102 and conversion of lactate into lactic acid.82... 

The effect of linear velocity on the observed reaction rate (Fig. 1) shows, for this case, the presence of a significant boundary layer resistance below a flow rate of 235 ml/min. The existence of non-negligible pore diffusional resistance is de-ducible from Fig. 2, in which the dependence of observed reaction rate on film thickness is depicted. Overall the immobilized cells exhibited about 50% of the specific activity of the free cells (in fermentation) toward the production of citric acid. 

Chromatographic analysis of reaction products of citric acid synthesized by fixed cells reveals the presence of products generated from side reactions. They include isocitric acid, oxalic acid and trace quantities of gluconic acid. Isocitrate is perhaps the major one, amounting to as much as 15 to 20% of citrate. Oxalic acid formation in citric acid fermentations is reported to be dependent both on pH and on the extent of aeration. By proper control of pH and dissolved oxygen levels, it might be possible to reduce the formation of oxalate. 

The use of ILMs for the separation of fermentation products such as acetic and citric acid has been recently reported by several investigators. Kuo and Gregor (40) and Klani et al. (41 ) used immobilized liquid membranes to extract acetic acid from aqueous solutions. While Kuo and Gregor (40) did demonstrate the concept of facilitated transport of acetic acid, the permeation rates they reported were quite low. Babcock et al. ( ) reported the extraction of citric acid from actual fermentation broth. The effects of temperature, agent-solution composition, and citric acid concentration on transport rates were investigated. 

---