Production-integrated environmental

Ullmanrfs Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1995) Production-integrated environmental protection, B8, 213-309, VCH. 

J. Wiesner, C. Christ, W. Fiihrer et al.. Production-integrated environmental protection, Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003 (Electronic Release 2001), Vol. 30, pp. 89-192. 

Christ, C. (Ed.) Production-Integrated Environmental Protection and Waste Management in the Chemical Industry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999. 

End-of-pipe measures are implemented in the short term and need modest investment In contrast, production-integrated environmental protection necessitates longer-term policy committed towards sustainable development. 

Production-integrated environmental protection implies that ecological issues are included in the conceptual design at very early stages. This approach should prevail over the end-of-pipe measures, which shift but do not solve the problem. 

For a detailed revietv of industrial recycling concepts and processes see Stein-hilper/Schneider (1996), Production- and Product-Integrated Environmental Protection in Manufacturing Engineering. 

Production-integrated environmental protection implies that ecological issues take part from the conceptual design activities, starting with the earliest stages. Two directions can be envisaged ... 

The chapter on Integrated Process Design presents the features of the systems approach and of systematic design methods. This chapter offers also the opportunity to discuss social issues as Sustainable Development and Production-integrated environmental protection. 

Production-Integrated Environmental Protection and Waste Management in the Chemical Industry... 

Environmental protection in the chemical industry is divided into product related and production related areas. Environmental protection related to products covers the development and production of environmentally friendly products (e.g., paints, herbi-cides/pesticides, washing powder) and treatment of product wastes from processing and consumption (Chap. 4). Environmental protection related to production covers the concept of the production-integrated environmental protection and additive environmental protection. Additiv environmental protection is the German term for end-of-pipe technology. This further subdivision can be examined in Figure 4 [18]. 

The idea of production-integrated environmental protection was implicitly described by A. W. von Hofmann (founder of the Royal College of Chemistry in London) as long ago as 1848 In an ideal chemical factory. .. there is, strictly speaking, no waste but only products (main and secondary by-products). The better a real factory makes use of its waste, the closer...it gets to its ideal, the bigger is the profit [19]. 

Production-Integrated Environmental Protection. According to the definition of the VCI, integrated environmental protection is production-linked, and that definition is used in this article. Thus, production-integrated environmental protection means measures taken to reduce, prevent, and utilize residues [31], [35]-[38]. 

Additive Environmental Protection. If the technical and economic possibilities for preventing, avoiding, or reusing residues (as part of a production-integrated environmental protection program) are exhausted, additive environmental technologies must be used ... 

Product-Integrated Environmental Protection. The concept of proenvironmental protection should be distinguished from that of / mrf rtw -integrated environmental protection. The former includes the utilization of product waste (e.g., the recycling of plastics) and the development of environmentally friendly products. These measures are also part of an overall environmental protection strategy of the chemical industry [47]. They form a separate subject that is not discussed here. 

The value of the stoichiometric yield of a process is of secondary importance for the productivity and thus the production-integrated environmental protection. The material planning quality BA, of a process is more important, because the aim of production-integrated environmental protection is an increase in the material planning productivity [58 a]. MFA as a computer based method allows systematic management via parametic studies. The main aim is the maximization of the output of the target... 

Figure 13. System for production-integrated environmental protection by MFA...

The effect of production-integrated environmental protection is represented by the amounts of residues prevented or utilized. These are compared with the amounts of residues not utilized — i.e., waste products. Figures have been provided by BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst. These are given below ... 

The following examples from the international chemical industry illustrate the concept of production-integrated environmental protection described in Chapter 2. Other publications and company monographs of recent years show that the total number of examples of this type in chemistry is actually much larger [31], [36], [37], [67], [68], [85]-[88]. 

However, the uneven distribution of these examples with respect to countries shows that so far not all nations place equal emphasis on production-integrated environmental protection in the chemical industry. This observation may be due to the following factors ... 

The example therefore raises the question to what extent production-integrated environmental protection is hindered by lack of international harmonization. Environ-... 

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