Production design

A number of products designated GRAS are being scmtini2ed by the FDA because of advertisements and claims made by producers or manufacturers of these products. Statements that indicate that feeding such products improve animal performance may require substantive data to support such claims in the future. 

Static friction decreases with an increase in load, and the static coefficient of friction is lower than the dynamic coefficient. The tendency to creep must be considered carefliUy in FEP products designed for service under continuous stresses. Creep can be minimized by suitable fillers. Fillets are also used to improve wear resistance and stiffness. Compositions such as 30% bronze-fiUed FEP, 20% graphite-filled FEP, and 10% glass-fiber-filled FEP offer high PV values ( 400(kPa-m)/s) and are suitable for beatings. 

After the hair is bleached it has an uimatural straw-like color and is then dyed to the desired tone with either a semipermanent or a permanent hair color product. The dye products designed to color bleached hair to a natural looking blonde shade are called toners. 

R. S. Busk, Magnesium Products Design, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987, pp. 150—151. 

R. S. Busk, Magnesium Product Design, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987 Annual Took ofASTM Standards, ASTM B80, ASTM B107, ASTM B90, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1992. 

In cases of all but intravenous adininistration, dosage forms must make the active moiety available for absorption, ie, for dmg release. This influences the bioavailabiUty and the dmg s pharmacokinetic profile. Ideally the dmg is made available to the blood for distribution and elimination at a rate equal to those processes. Through technological developments dmg product design can achieve release, absorption, and elimination rates resulting in durations of activity of 8—12 hours, ie, prolonged action/controlled release dmg products (21,22). Such products improve the compliance rate of dmg usage by patients. 

Intravenous aqueous injections provide an excellent means of achieving a rapid therapeutic response. Parenteral product design, eg, vehicle and other excipient selection, as well as choice of route of adrninistration, can prolong therapeutic activity and increase onset times. Thus, oily solutions, suspensions, or emulsions can be adrninistered by subcutaneous or intramuscular routes to create prolonged effect, ie, depot injection (28). 

Product design factors overall part size shape complexity critical dimensions weight limitations potential for parts integration assembly requirements secondary operations Materialfactors... 

Eastman Kodak has identified 10 core competencies and developed a process for their management and utilization within the company (29). Similarly, Eaton Corporation selected seven core technical competencies, ranked them in importance, assessed their importance vs the known state-of-the-art for the industry, and developed action plans to extend the life of each (30). Eaton subsequently found the company could bring to market products designed with proven building blocks, thus minimizing risk and the need for additional capital equipment. In addition, the competencies were found to be reservoirs of proprietary advantage that had not previously been put to work. 

Cosmetics are products created by the cosmetic industry and marketed directiy to consumers. The cosmetic industry is dominated by manufacturers of finished products but also includes manufacturers who seU products to distributors as weU as suppHers of raw and packaging materials. Cosmetics represent a large group of consumer products designed to improve the health, cleanliness, and physical appearance of the human exterior and to protect a body part against damage from the environment. Cosmetics are promoted to the pubHc and are available without prescription. 

The type of chloroprene polymers used is perhaps best illustrated by the variety of special products, designed for adhesive appHcations, that Du Pont has developed. These are described ia Table 8. Standard polymer grades are also often used, especially to modify adhesive properties and to reduce cost. 

Wageningen University and Research Centre Product design and Quality management group, PO Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-mail kasper.hettinga wur.nl... 

In order to quantify the sometimes intangible elements of variability associated with the product design and the safety aspects in service requires an understanding of risk . The assessment of risk in terms of general engineering practice will be discussed next. This will lead to a better understanding of designing for quality and reliability, which is the main focus of the book. 

Designing for robustness has also been associated with the DFM guidelines (Russell and Taylor, 1995). Robust design has different meanings to different engineering communities. For example, the three descriptions below focus on three different but connected aspects of product design ... 

Note that the squared relationship which was initially used to model the degree of difficulty in obtaining more capable tolerances for a given manufacturing route and product design is being returned by the power law. Similarly, a relationship between the process capability index Cp and q for the components analysed is shown in... 

CA is primarily a team-based product design technique that, through simple structured analysis, gives the information required by designers to achieve the following ... 

Example - determining the failure costs for product design... 

Finally, the main benefit as far as competitive business performance is concerned is the potential for reduction in failure costs. Studies using CA very early in the development process of a number of projects have indicated that the potential failure costs were all reduced through an analysis. This is shown in Figure 2.47, where this potential failure cost reduction is shown as the difference between pre-CA and post-CA application by the teams analysing the product designs. 

Adequate configuration control of product design and processes issues... 

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