Product design designers/producers

A number of products designated GRAS are being scmtini2ed by the FDA because of advertisements and claims made by producers or manufacturers of these products. Statements that indicate that feeding such products improve animal performance may require substantive data to support such claims in the future. 

The unit Kureha operated at Nakoso to process 120,000 metric tons per year of naphtha produces a mix of acetylene and ethylene at a 1 1 ratio. Kureha s development work was directed toward producing ethylene from cmde oil. Their work showed that at extreme operating conditions, 2000°C and short residence time, appreciable acetylene production was possible. In the process, cmde oil or naphtha is sprayed with superheated steam into the specially designed reactor. The steam is superheated to 2000°C in refractory lined, pebble bed regenerative-type heaters. A pair of the heaters are used with countercurrent flows of combustion gas and steam to alternately heat the refractory and produce the superheated steam. In addition to the acetylene and ethylene products, the process produces a variety of by-products including pitch, tars, and oils rich in naphthalene. One of the important attributes of this type of reactor is its abiUty to produce variable quantities of ethylene as a coproduct by dropping the reaction temperature (20—22). 

LPG recovered from natural gas is essentially free of unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as propylene and butylenes (qv). Varying quantities of these olefins may be found in refinery production, and the concentrations are a function of the refinery s process design and operation. Much of the propylene and butylene are removed in the refinery to provide raw materials for plastic and mbber production and to produce high octane gasoline components. 

Applicable to those who design, produce, install and service their products or carry out such activities. 

The Toyota X300 fork lift truck project design cycle is concurrent in nature spanning all the major disciplines in the process with quality assurance reviews, stipulating the use of appropriate tools and techniques at certain points. The product development process produced by General Electric is called the Tollgate Process . Again, it is concurrent in nature and includes ten review points. 

These inputs will come from the product design activities and should already be documented. On receiving these inputs the process development team should review them and begin to produce the process development plan. 

Three types of control plan are required. During the product design and development phase, a prototype control plan is required to be produced. During the process design and development phase, a pre-launch or pilot production control plan is required, and during the product and process validation phase, the production control plan is to be issued. 

In this competitive environment, product design may well be carried out during the tendering phase and yet ISO/TS 16949 does not require all aspects of the tendering phase to be performed under controlled conditions. However, customers need confidence that the supplier s tender was produced under controlled conditions. That is, there is more to the words in the tender than mere promises - the facts have been checked and validated any proposed solution to the requirements will if implemented actually satisfy all the accepted requirements. 

The choice of process is generally based on economic issues such as volume of seals to be produced elastomeric compound, cost and waste and product design. 

The life span of a batteiy is also dependent on the power needs of a product. Some batteries produce a lot of power for a relatively short time before fully discharging, while others are designed to provide less peak power but more sustained power for a very low drain rate. Other important variables aftccting batteiy lifespan are the design and efficiency of the device being used and the conditions of use. In particular, exposing a batteiy to excessive heat can dramatically curtail the length of a battery s life. 

Following the product design is producing a tool (mold, die, and so forth) around... 

With plastics to a greater extent than other materials, an opportunity exists to optimize product design by focusing on material composition and orientation to structural member geometry when required. The type of designer to produce a product depends on the product requirements. As an example in most cases an engineering designer is not needed... 

These possible sources of problems in a molded part should be marked on the product drawing and explained to the mold designer for corrective action or creating an awareness of possible product defects. This is a necessary step in the chain of events in which the aim is to produce a tool that will provide useful products. Even if the mold s design, workmanship, and operation are carried out to the highest degree of quality, they cannot overcome a built-in weakness due to the product design. 

Because of the complexities of the materials and the effects of the processing on the materials, this is an area where predictability based on scientific data is very limited and casting experience is desirable. Successful products will result from close cooperation between designer, tool designer, mold maker, and processor to arrive at design compromises that make the products acceptable and producible at an economical price. 

This review concerns the long-term behavior of plastics when exposed to conditions that include continuous stresses, environment, excessive heat, abrasion, and continuous contact with liquids. This subject has been reviewed in Chapter 2 (LONG-TERM LOAD BEHAVIOR) but since it is a very important subject the review is continuing. Tests such as those outlined by ASTM D 2990 that describe in detail the specimen preparations and testing procedure are intended to produce consistency in observations and records by various manufacturers, so that they can be correlated to provide meaningful information to product designers. 

Many product designs are inherently limited by the economics of the process that must be used to make them. For example, to date TSs are not blow molded, and they have limited extrusion possibilities. Many hollow products, particularly very large ones, may be produced more economically by the rotational process than by blow molding. The need for a low quantity of products may eliminate certain molding processes and indicate the use of casting or others. 

Product inhibition studies are used to complement kinetic analyses and to distinguish between ordered and random Bi-Bi reactions. For example, in a random-order Bi-Bi reaction, each product will be a competitive inhibitor regardless of which substrate is designated the variable substrate. However, for a sequential mechanism (Figure 8-11, bottom), only product Q will give the pattern indicative of competitive inhibition when A is the variable substrate, while only product P will produce this pattern with B as the variable substrate. The... 

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