Product application problems

If the calcium is accompanied by carbonate (indicated by loss at 800°C, due to decomposition), this would tend to basically infer either an inadequate chemical treatment program or a product application problem. 

L. Constantine, K. Bagherpour, R. Gani, J.A. Klein D.T. Wu, 1996, Computer Aided product design Problem formulations, methodology and applications, Computers Chemical Engineering, 20 (6/7), 685-702. 

The removal of highly lipophilic catalysts from the reaction product poses problems, which can be obviated by binding the ammonium Catalyst to a solid support. As well as being easily removed by nitration and recycled, such catalysts also have potential application in continuous flow phase-transfer catalytic processes. 

There were great expectations that the quantification provided by Eqs. (3) and (11) for single beads would receive quick and productive application to kiln problems by the refinery engineers. To aid in this application. 

Color in food products ranks second in importance to taste in relation to consumer acceptability of a product. Discoloration problems caused by plant-protein products must be solved if these products are to be accepted. Isolation and identification of the pigments producing color is an important step in solving this problem and the methods developed in the studies presented in this chapter with cottonseed flours are applicable to color problems caused by other plant-protein products. 

Tn municipal recycling contamination occurs whether or not vinyl is present. Other resins are just as much a contamination problem as vinyl. Except for commingled plastics applications, different plastic materials cannot be mixed successfully in most recycled products applications. This is why it is crucial to separate efficiently one plastic from another. 

Many standardized functional property tests have been published. Standardized methods are available from many organizations, including the American Association of Cereal Chemists, American Oil Chemists Society, and International Dairy Federation. Generally, these methods have been tested in collaborative studies by several laboratories and found to be repeatable. Therefore the use of standardized methods may facilitate comparison of results between laboratories. Even though a method has been standardized, there is no guarantee that the test results will relate to protein functionality in a particular product or product application. Another problem is that most of the standardized tests are empirical. If any step in the procedure is changed or equipment is substituted, comparisons between laboratories may not be possible. 

For any cooling water program, the performance of an inhibitor treatment, in controlling some or all of the potential waterside problems likely to be experienced under any proposed operating conditions, is dependent on the design of the formulation and the effectiveness of the subsequent product application and control. 

In principle, lignin could be a major nonfossil and renewable source of aromatic compounds, a feedstock for the synthesis of useful products. The problem deserves finding new ion radical routes to cleave lignin. However, wider practical applications of ion radical lignin chemistry are not anticipated in the near future. Oil, gas, and coal are ready available sources of aromatics. In the long term, however, biomass may (and must) replace fossil-originated materials in the manufacture of commercial carbon-based products. 

A large variety of problems related to the nature of the adsorption processes have been studied by infrared spectroscopy. The most extensive and productive application of this method has been in studies of chemisorption on supported-metal samples. Spectra of physically adsorbed molecules have provided important information on the interaction of these molecules with the surface of the adsorbent. Experimental developments have reached a state where it is evident that the infrared techniques are adaptable to practically all types of samples which are of interest to catalytic chemists. Not only are the infrared techniques applicable to studies of chemisorption and physical adsorption systems but they add depth and preciseness to the definitions of these terms. 

Specialty chemicals are developed to solve a certain application problem. Consequently, they form the largest of the four segments with respect to the number of products. Examples range from antifreeze compounds to pharmaceutical active ingredients. 

In the selection of the right valve, it is always best to work in conjunction with one of the manufacturer s personnel or a consultant who is familiar with the different types of valve available on the market and who can advise the best solution for the application. Different types of valve are available for a reason. These reasons might sometimes be exclusively based on low cost, but also many times solve a particular application problem. Savings at the expense of safety is not a good idea and ultimately leads to increased LCC (life cycle cost of the valve), loss of valuable product, environmental pollution, damage to installations and, most importandy, potential loss of life. 

In this method metal chlorides or oxychlorides are made to react with gaseous hydrocarbons in the vicinity of a localized heat source (1400-2100 K). Clearly, the reaction is thermodynamically favorable (Tables 3 and 4). The method was first used by Van Arkel in 1923 with an incandescent tungsten filament to make carbides of tantalum and zirconium [40]. Although the reaction variables have been studied extensively, problems remain with control of the process and with low productivity. Application to catalyst synthesis has been moderate [41],... 

Constantinou, L., Gani, R., Fredenslund, Aa., Klein, J. A., and Wu, D. J., Computer-aided product design, problem formulation and application. Proc. PSE 94, Kyongju, Korea (1994). 

It is clear tliat the attachment of chiral catalysts to dendrimer supports offers a potential combination of the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis, and provides a very promising solution to the catalyst-product separation problem. However, one major problem which limits the practical application of these complicated macromolecules is their tedious synthesis. Thus, the development of more efficient ways to access enantioselective dendritic catalysts with high activity and reusability remains a major challenge in the near future. 

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