Process real-time information

Methods of near-field, midfield and ensemble (global) imaging and real-time visualization have been developed for monitoring gas atomization of liquid metals.[327] The primary process sensors and monitors used include high-speed video and infrared imaging systems. The process monitors allowed continuous and detailed observations of the atomization process and enabled measurements of the key parameters necessary for adequate control and optimization of the process. The sensors provided the operators with real-time information on the temperature of nozzle tip, visual characteristics of atomization plume, and gas and metal flow rates. The images can be displayed in real time, offering the potential for more responsive process control. 

Internal reflection spectroscopy is widely applied for on-line process control. In this type of application, the chemical reactor is equipped with an internal reflection probe or an IRE. The goal of this type of application is the quantification of reactant and/or product concentrations to provide real-time information about the conversion within the reactor. In comparison with other analytical methods such as gas chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy, ATR spectroscopy is considerably faster and does not require withdrawal of sample, which can be detrimental for monitoring of labile compounds and for some other applications. 

Control and automation Biosensors can be integrated with on-line process monitoring schemes to provide real-time information about multiple parameters at each production step or at multiple time points during a process, enabling better control and automation of many industrial and critical monitoring facilities. 

Production/Material Control and Feedback It provides monitoring and feedback of inventory levels and production rates, including scraps. This real-time information is used in order to propose corrective actions in the production process. 

The quality of indicators or performance data has been an issue at stake. According to Fleming (2010), good indicators are accurate (with direct relationship to system status, and difficult to manipulate), productive (related to future system states and performance) and current (giving real-time information). Skogdalen et al. (2010, 121-122) refer to the work of the American Petroleum Institute (API) about developing Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and Petrochemical Industries, and finds that the success of indicators is related to the extent to which they are ... 

Knowledge on the concentrations of active solvent component(s) and absorbed gases are of high importance for acid gas removal processes, such as natural gas processing and CO2 capture from flue gas. Real-time information of these parameters is currently unavailable. This paper presents recent progress on the development of a promising method that combines in-line measurements with multivariate modelling in order to enable this. 

The combination of spectral and time resolutions allows detailed investigations of transition states and intermediate reaction transients. Femtosecond spectroscopy gives direct real-time information on the formation or breaking of chemical bonds during the collision process. 

State variables of a process are the variables that uniquely specify the process at any given time (such as temperatme, monomer concentration and molecular weights). Effective monitoring and control of a process requires reliable real-time information of the state... 

Dynamic task allocation, on the other hand, makes decisions based on real-time information and is therefore more adaptive to changes. This chapter assumes a set of dynamically released tasks to be completed by a team of robots, and the conditions of the work process keep changing during task execution. This kind of dynamic working environment is ubiquitous in real-life applications, such as exploring and mapping by robots in unknown environments, unexpected adversarial targets in combats, stochastic pickups and delivery transport services, etc. [5]. 

The use of analytical instrumentation for continuous online measurement of industrial process streams for real-time information gained popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This information has met various demands, the most notable of which include process control, safety, waste reduction, environmental emission monitoring and control, and product quality assurance. With the application of computers and electronics to analyzer technology in recent decades, online analyzers have become even more sophisticated and widely used. In many instances, the application of online analysis has become a necessity for survival in the face of the economic pressures of globalization in chemical manufacturing. 

Real-time information from a reaction or process. 

Applications of the fibre optics transmittance or ATR probe are in quality control, reaction monitoring, skin analysis, goods-in checking, analysis at high and low temperature, radioactive or sterile conditions, and hazardous environments. Applications of the reflectance probe are for turbid liquids, powders, surface coatings, textiles, etc. By using an on-line remote spectrophotometer, real-time information is gathered about a chemical process stream (liquids, films, polymer melts, etc.), as often as necessary and without the need to collect samples. This determines more reliable process control. Remote spectroscopy costs less to maintain and operate than traditional techniques. Fernando et al. [48] have compared different types of optical fibre sensors to monitor the cure of an epoxy resin system. 

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