Process Design Packages

Permits the process engineering group to start developing the technieal data and perform the design work required for a basie process design (Phase 0). 

A conceptual design could be based either on the application of proven technology and unit operations or on new and incompletely demonstrated technology. 

In the first case, the required detail of information is minimal and a decent order-of-magnitude estimate can easily be developed through a literature search. Preparing any kind of estimate for an unproven process is a different story. A process configuration must be conceptualized so that equipment lists, including estimated sizes and construction materials, can be developed to serve as the basis for an estimate. 

The following is a suggested outline of the information that should be included in conceptual design packages for unproven processes  

Mention of any previous scopes, designs, and estimates or actual costs for the same general type of project. Differences between previous project and this one. 

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Costing and economic evaluation programs also form part of some of the commercial process design packages such as the ICARUS program which is available from Aspen Tech, see Chapter 4, Table 4.1. 

Analysis of actual cases shows that the hours required to prepare a complete and formally documented process design package (Phase 1) including drafting and all required engineering disciplines vary widely depending on the type of project. 

The preparation of a preliminary process design package (Phase 0) would require approximately 40% of the hours of a Phase I package. 

Process design is the first action step in the execution of a project. Process design packages are normally prepared to serve as the starting point for more advanced design stages as well as the basis for the various types of cost estimates required to make progressive project decisions. For example ... 

Figure 3 The process and instrumentation diagram (P ID) Shown as a simplified version stripped of some detail (to permit an uncluttered and legible diagram for reproduction herein), the P ID identifies each item of processing equipment, their connectivity and the control instrumentation loops. Not shown, but generally present in the final approved for construction version of the P ID are the details of the piping, materials of construction, pump capacities, etc. Obviously, there is a wealth of other material that accompanies the P ID, but the latter is the centerpiece of the process design package used to execute the plant design.

The different process units are sized according to general engineering rules [55] as well as by using simulations in the commercial process design package AspenPlus. It should be noted that the calculated sizes of the extractor and separator shown in Table 14.9 are relatively small as compared to the typical size of an industrial emulsion polymerization reactor (50 m ). 

This is an over-simplification. In practice, the process design package usually has to be customized to take into account local factors which affect the process, such as ambient conditions, feedstock and reagent variations, and properties of available utilities. 

Adopt industry codes of practice for the plant as a whole, where these are available. The process design package mentioned in Chapter 2 ought to have a comprehensive reference to applicable codes of practice and design requirements that are appropriate to the process, and, if not, these should be demanded. The subjects addressed should include ... 

Design and Operation of Azeotropie Distillation Columns Simulation and design of azeotropic distiUation columns is a difficult computational problem, but one tnat is readily handled, in most cases, by widely available commercial computer process simulation packages [Glasscock and Hale, Chem. Eng., 101(11), 82 (1994)]. Most simida-... 

Current usage is almost entirely associated with the good adhesion to aluminium. Specific applications include the bonding of aluminium foil to plastics films, as the adhesive layer between aluminium foil and polyethylene in multilayer extrusion-laminated non-lead toothpaste tubes and in coated aluminium foil pouches. Grades have more recently become available for manufacture by blown film processes designed for use in skin packaging applications. Such materials are said to comply with FDA regulations. 

FLOSHEET is part of a suite of programs called PROCEDE which has been developed for the efficient handling of all the information needed in process design. It aims to cover the complete process environment, using graphical user interfaces to facilitate the transfer of information, Preece et al. (1991). The equipment specification sheets given in Appendix G are from the PROCEDE package. 

Computer programs are available for the design of extraction processes and would normally be included in the various commercial process simulation packages available see Chapter 4. 

Cracks, holes, or loose joints in interior walls, floors, and overhead areas must be sealed so that they do not become harborages for insects or rodents. Equipment used for transporting, processing, and packaging food products should also be designed to minimize the buildup and/or accumulation of food materials within the interior of the equipment. 

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