Current usage

LCM techniques have also proven useful for in-situ maintenance of underground pipes [157, 158] the preform is placed around an inflatable tube and dragged into place before inflating the inner tube to force the preform against the walls of the pipe to be repaired, impregnating it with liquid resin. 

Another use of LCM techniques is in the manufacture of cuff links to improve the assembly of pultruded composite beams and components [159]. As part of the electrification of the rail network in New Zealand, Kiwirail is using the RTM process to manufacture screens to be placed on bridges over the rail lines to protect pedestrians and prevent any contact with the electric lines. 

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Any deviations result from a deliberate choice, either to conform to current usage in the profession, or to avoid ambiguity in the interpretation of symbols. 

Although the term terpene once referred only to hydrocarbons current usage includes functionally substituted derivatives as well grouped together under the general term isoprenoids Figure 26 6 (page 1086) presents the structural formulas for a number of representative examples The isoprene units m some of these are relatively easy to identify The three isoprene units m the sesquiterpene farnesol, for example are mdi cated as follows m color They are joined m a head to tail fashion... 

Current usage is almost entirely associated with the good adhesion to aluminium. Specific applications include the bonding of aluminium foil to plastics films, as the adhesive layer between aluminium foil and polyethylene in multilayer extrusion-laminated non-lead toothpaste tubes and in coated aluminium foil pouches. Grades have more recently become available for manufacture by blown film processes designed for use in skin packaging applications. Such materials are said to comply with FDA regulations. 

Walden inversion (Section 8.4) Originally, a reaction sequence developed by Paul Walden whereby a chiral starting material was transformed to its enantiomer by a series of stereospecihc reactions. Current usage is more general and refers to the inversion of conhguration that attends any bi-molecular nucleophilic substitution. 

This paper deals with some questions in the foundations of chemistry. The atomic orbital (or electronic configuration) model is examined, with regards to both its origins and current usage. I explore the question of whether the commonly-used electronic configuration of atoms have any basis in quantum mechanics as is often claimed particularly in chemical education. 

Besides its use in pyrots, calcium oxide has been used in a number of expl devices such as Jarolunek s igniter, Elliot s Quicklime Explosive , and the various cartridges of Smith and Moore, Arnould, and Steinau (Ref 1). All of these are presented in greater depth above, together with the current usage of the oxide Refs 1) Daniel (1902), 16, 133,134 738 la) T.W. Richards 0. Honigschmid, JACS 32, 1577 (1910) CA 5,840 (1911) 2) E.C. 

Note. This definition is broader than that given in [6], to reflect current usage. 

Plastomer, a nomenclature constructed from the synthesis of the words plastic and elastomer, illustrates a family of polymers, which are softer (lower hexural modulus) than the common engineering thermoplastics such as polyamides (PA), polypropylenes (PP), or polystyrenes (PS). The common, current usage of this term is reshicted by two limitahons. First, plastomers are polyolehns where the inherent crystallinity of a homopolymer of the predominant incorporated monomer (polyethylene or isotactic polypropylene [iPP]) is reduced by the incorporahon of a minority of another monomer (e.g., octene in the case of polyethylene, ethylene for iPP), which leads to amorphous segments along the polymer chain. The minor commoner is selected to distort... 

Scheme 7.62 together with a variety of reactive intermediates or crosslinking agents intended to link together the dye and the substrate, raise some important questions. This research has encompassed variants of such systems on cotton, wool and nylon, mainly by exhaust application. Conventional reactive dyes have so far accounted for only about 20% of all dyes used worldwide on cellulosic fibres. Reactive dyes amount to only about 5% of all dyes used on wool and their current usage on nylon is negligible. 

One of the requirements of this approach is that the analytes must be stable at the boiling point of the solvent, since the analytes collect in the flask. The solvent must show high solubility for the analyte and none for the sample matrix. Since this is one of the oldest methods of sample preparation, there are hundreds of published methods for all kinds of analytes in as many matrices. For example, XAD-2 resin (sty-rene-divinylbenzene) that was used to collect air samples to monitor current usage of pesticides in Iowa was Soxhlet-extracted for 24 h with hexane/acetone [22], This is common in environmental sample analysis, and one will see rows and rows of these systems in environmental laboratories. One disadvantage of Soxhlet extraction is the amount of solvent consumed, though modern approaches to solid sample extraction have tried to reduce the amount of solvent used. 

Again we use decadic logarithms because of traditional and current usage. 

Apropos nomenclature antibiotics are produced by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria) and are directed against life at any phylogenetic level (prokaryotes, eukaryotes). Chemotherapeutic agents originate from chemical synthesis. This distinction has been lost in current usage. 

While the virtual nature of dematerialization that we are currently facing was not necessarily anticipated by Lucy Lippard, Germano Celant, and other critics who used the term specifically with regard to the art market some thirty years ago, it seems essential to invoke its current usage for its broad political implications and the ambivalence it suggests in any relation with objects, whether art objects or pure commodities. 

Racemate - Traditionally, a 1 1 mixture of enantiomers was denoted racemic mixture. In order to describe precisely the solid state according to distinct phases racemates (or racemic compounds), conglomerates and solid solutions were distinguished. Thus, the term race-mate had a very specific function. However, currently the term racemate is almost exclusively used in the general sense of racemic mixture. It appears sensible to comply to current usage and reserve the term racemic compound to a distinct solid phase. 

An important approach to the study of biological membranes has been the preparation and study of model membranes. According to current usage, model membranes include lipid bilayers and lipid bilayers into which have been incorporated additional components such as one or more membrane proteins. It is through the study of such model membranes that one has the best opportunity to isolate and study fundamental physical chemical and biophysical processes, and it is for this reason that the present report emphasizes these systems. A discussion of model membranes necessarily starts with a description of the chemical compositions and physical properties of lipid molecules. 

This is an attempt to conform with current usage and to be slightly more specific than is commonly the case. 

We will concentrate upon the most commonly used techniques in organic structure determination nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). The amount of space devoted to each technique in this text is meant to be representative of their current usage for structure determination. 

This is a new recommendation. Note that it implies that all uses with respect to acids and bases involving tbe normal isotopic mixture of h. 2H. and 3H would require the use of hydron, i.c., the hydron affinity of bases, Brpnsied acids are hydron donors, etc. Wc have retained the current usage of proton affinity, etc., because the recommendation came out as this book was going to press. The reader should note however that hydron is already receiving some European usage, as in "GS = GSH dehydronated at the thiol group."]... 

Figure 5-6 Outlines of the purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids showing van der Waals contact surfaces and some of the possible directions in which hydrogen bonds may be formed. Large arrows indicate the hydrogen bonds present in the Watson-Crick base pairs. Smaller arrows indicate other hydrogen bonding possibilities. The directions of the green arrows are from a suitable hydrogen atom in the base toward an electron pair that serves as a hydrogen acceptor. This direction is opposite to that in the first edition of this book to reflect current usage.

Chemical Abstracts would name this as 8-phenyl-7-azabicyclo[4.2.01-octa-l,3,5,7-tetraene, which is unnecessarily complicated. Use of a replacement modification of a fusion name presents difficulties although the corresponding carbocycle should, in accord with IUPAC Rules, be named cyclobutabenzene, it is almost exclusively referred to in the literature as benzocyclobutene. Thus the name 2-phenyl-1-azacyclobuta benzene would be strictly correct, but 2-phenyl-1-azabenzocyclobutene is more in line with current usage. The fusion name based on azete avoids this problem. 

Isodic = means having the same paths. I am not sure if this term, obvious though it is, is in current usage. 

Although the term compensation effect is now in general current usage, such behavior has also been referred to as the isokinetic effect (23) and as the... 

In proplnts the most current usage for Si is suggested in the patent of Shiki and Harada... 

The term dendritic effect has meanwhile become current usage for characterisation of generation-dependent physical and chemical phenomena in dendritic molecules. C. Valerio, J.-L. Fillaut, J. 

Numbers within the Rings Indicate the Systematic Numbering Based on Chemical Abstracts Order of Prefixes Numbers outside the Rings Indicate the Usual Terpene Numbering. These Numberings Are Those in Current Usage and Are Not Necessarily the Recommended Numberings. 

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