Process/combined industries

Process/Combined industries (Healthcare and Telecommunications) also do not normally outsource their core operating activities as extensively as the higher sourcing risk categories and consequently are less exposed to external sourcing uncertainty. 

Two processes, developed for the direct processing of lead sulfide concentrates to metallic lead (qv), have reached commercial scale. The Kivcet process combines flash smelting features and carbon reduction. The QSL process is a bath-smelting reactor having an oxidation 2one and a reduction 2one. Both processes use industrial oxygen. The chemistry can be shown as follows ... 

The combined hybrid systems met criteria for reuse in the textile industry. Differences in performance are discussed The high-quality of the reverse osmosis permeate meets the demands of the rinsing processes for industrial laundries... 

The intention of this book is to provide technical and economical information on the development of the most feasible total environmental control program that can beneht both process industry and local municipalities. Frequently, the most economically feasible methodology is combined industrial-municipal waste treatment. 

Scheme 3.2 shows recently established industrial processes for PO production. The cumene recycling process uses an organic hydroperoxide process combined with hydrogenation of cumyl alcohol to cumene. This process consumes only hydrogen... 

A flow chart of a generic SCWO process is shown in Figure 10.4. It illustrates the feed stream of a typical aqueous waste. Oxidants such as air, oxygen, or hydrogen peroxide must be provided unless the waste itself is an oxidant. A supplemental fuel source should also be available for low-heat-content wastes. The streams entering the SCWO reactor must be heated and pressurized to supercritical conditions. Influent streams are frequently heated by thermal contact with the hot effluent. Both influent pressure and back pressure must be provided. The influent streams are then combined under supercritical conditions where oxidation occurs. Certain properties of supercritical water make it an excellent medium for oxidation. Acetic acid is generally considered one of the most refractory by-products of the SCWO process of industrial waste. 

Because of the importance of reaction kinetics in the context of chemical process safety and optimisation, a further development of tools is needed that enables the easy and quick determination of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Particular emphasis has to be put on calorimetric devices that correspond to the conditions in chemical production as far as possible but nevertheless have only a small volume. As already discussed in detail, the combination with additional analytical tools is essential. Furthermore, the devices have to have a wide range of applicability with regard to temperature, pressure, chemical regime, number and types of phases involved and so on. Finally, computer tools are needed that allow a quick and easy determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters from the measurements. The systematic application of such improved methods could result in a number of significant improvements in chemical processes in industry. 

This analysis suggests that future accelerated drug development activities require quantitative and qualitative process considerations. Industry experiences suggest that an iterative relationship, if not balance, between the two approaches exist. Whatever the case may be, future approaches to accelerated drug development is likely to continue to focus on the number of compounds/candidates in each development stage and on the rate at which they flow through the pipeline. These features are likely to combine elements of quantitative and qualitative process approaches. An extension of the previously described hypothetical pipeline is shown in Figure 3.4 to... 

Pervaporation as a standalone technique is still to be developed industrially, but as part of a hybrid process, combined with for example, distillation (Figure 3.3), it is very promising for difficult separations and may yield considerable energy savings. 

An interesting alternative solution was developed in Denmark by Watech. However, industrial preference was given to another process, combining hydrolysis as a method for converting chlorine into hydroxyl substituents. 

Many catalytic processes of industrial importance, however, involve the combination of high temperature and chemically harsh environments, a factor that strongly favors inorganic membranes. So with the introduction of commercially available glass, ceramic and metal membranes, there has been a dramatic surge of interest in the field of membrane reactor or membrane catalysis. 

Chemical engineering is the combination of physical, chemical, biological... operations on an energy or chemical plant. For process design, we have to carry out optimisations based on a multiple of parameters all the more so since the needs of processes in industry change very rapidly. These industries have to integrate new constraints linked to the energy cost and the environmental impact coupled with a need for more and more technical product. 

The improved reaction rates achieved in the SC-CO2 medium combined with the variety of substrates considered so far illustrate the potential of this technology. As an indication of the economic viability of CO2 processing in the fine chemical industry, a plant has been constructed at Thomas Swan and Co. in the The plant has been built for hydrogenation processes to produce fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates to a rating of 1000 kg hr of CO2 at pressures up to 500 bar. However, the significant capital cost of supercritical processes, combined with the complex production and expensive nature of chiral products, demand that SC-CO2 be considered for asymmetric hydrogenation. 

Highly integrated membrane processes, combining various membrane operations suitable for separation and conversion units, are an attractive opportunity because of the synergic effects that can be attained. Practically, there are a lot of opportunities for membrane separation processes in all areas of industry [8]. The most interesting developments for industrial membrane technologies are related to the possibility of integrating various membrane operations in the same industrial cycle, with overall important benefits in terms of product quality and plant compactness. 

With oxo synthesis, Wacker-type oxidations of alkenes is one of the older homogeneous transition-metal-catalyzed reactions [1], The most prominent example of this type of reaction is the manufacture of acetaldehyde from ethylene. This well-known reaction, which has been successfully developed on an industrial scale (Wacker process), combines the stoichiometric oxidation of ethylene by palladium ) in aqueous solution with the in situ reoxidation of palladium(O) by molecular oxygen in the presence of a copper salt (Eqs. 1 -4) [2]. 

The usual industrial process requires purification of the intermediate glucose because the enzymatic hydrolysis does not reach completion. A recently commercialized process combines hydrolysis and hydrogenation by using Ru-loaded H-USY (3 wt % Ru) as a dualfunction catalyst [58]. The outer zeolite surface provides the Bronsted acidity required for the hydrolysis of the polymeric substrate. Surface roughness and crystal size are expected to be important factors. Pressure accelerates hydrolysis as was recently found in the hydrolysis of inulin over H-Beta [59]. The Ru hydrogenation component of the catalyst can exert its action at the inner as well as at the outer surface of the zeolite as the Y pore system is accessible to glucose. 

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