Probability applications

This explanation is probably applicable to the results recorded by Paesy, who found that with the homologous aliphatic acids the strength of the odour—as measured by the reciprocal of the smallest quantity that could be perceived—of formic acid is comparatively small, a maximum is reached with butyric acid and after diminution to the weak oenanthic acid, another maximum is reached with pelargonic acid, thereafter the odour diminishes very rapidly. 

It may, therefore, be concluded that, within a generally consistent pattern of behavior, organotins are degraded in the environment to afford nontoxic, inorganic tin species. A generalized, environmental-breakdown scheme for the commercially used tributyl- and triphenyltin derivatives (516), that is probably applicable to other triorganotins, is illustrated in Scheme 1. 

Tolosana R (2005) Geostatistics for constrained variables positive data, compositions and probabilities. Application to environmental hazard monitoring. PhD Thesis, Universitat de Girona, Spain... 

On the other hand concentration detector (DRI) data represent at least 10% of the maximum on the low molecular weight side of the chromatogram (Results), and the Gaussian approximation is probably applicable. 

The reaction with ethyl acetoacetate has been extended to glycolaldehyde, and to carbohydrates other than n-glucose, by employing different experimental conditions it is probably applicable to aldoses in general. With d-fructose, yields are lower, but two molar proportions of water are liberated and a crystalline product results. This has a constitution similar to that of II but with the D-omhfno-tetrahydroxybutyl chain at the /3-position on the furan ring. The reaction has been applied successfully to other ketoses and... 

The interfacial barrier theory is illustrated in Fig. 15A. Since transport does not control the dissolution rate, the solute concentration falls precipitously from the surface value, cs, to the bulk value, cb, over an infinitesimal distance. The interfacial barrier model is probably applicable when the dissolution rate is limited by a condensed film absorbed at the solid-liquid interface this gives rise to a high activation energy barrier to the surface reaction, so that kR kj. Reaction-controlled dissolution is somewhat rare for organic compounds. Examples include the dissolution of gallstones, which consist mostly of cholesterol,... 

The procedure illustrates a fairly general method for the preparation of -substituted perfiuoroolefins. The method has been applied to the synthesis of 2-cyclohexyl- (70%), 2-benzyl- (61%), and 2-(/>-fluorophenyl)perfluoropropenes (67%), and it is probably applicable to any a-trifluoromethyl ketone. Olefins containing a perfluoroalkyl group other than trifluoromethyl can be prepared by the same procedure by the substitution of lithium chlorodifluoroacetate for sodium chlorodifluoroacetate.7 Other routes to / -substituted perfiuoroolefins are not general or convenient. Routes to perfiuoroolefins generally yield the a-substi-tuted olefin rather than the /3-substituted olefin. 

The method described in this preparation of mesitoic acid avoids the preparation of bromomesitylene,13 and the yield of acid is essentially the same as that from the two-step synthesis.2-13 This procedure appears to be general and can be used to prepare such acids as a- and /3-naphthoic acids,14 cumenecarboxylic acid, 2,5-dimethylbcnzoic acid, and durenecarboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids could not be obtained from benzothiophene, vera-trole, -dimethoxybenzene, and ferrocene under the conditions of this reaction. Although there has been no exhaustive study, this procedure is probably applicable to a variety of aromatic compounds, especially alkylated aromatics. Aromatic compounds which readily undergo oxidation, e.g., ferrocene, catechol, and hydroquinone, do not lend themselves to this method. 

A model similar to that used for SN2 reactions has been advanced by Asubiojo and Brauman (1979) to account for the different aspects of reaction (67), and this model (68) is probably applicable to all systems discussed at the... 

Dimethoxymethane (methylal) [109-87-5] M 76.1, b 42.3 , d 0.860, n 1.35626, n 1.35298. The main impurity is MeOH, which can be removed by treatment with sodium wire, followed by fractional distn from sodium. The solvent is kept dry by storing in contact with molecular sieves. Alternatively, technical dimethoxymethane was stood with paraformaldehyde and a few drops of H2SO4 for 24h, then distd. It could also be purified by shaking with an equal volume of 20% NaOH, leaving for 30min, and distilling. Methods of purification used for acetal are probably applicable to methylal. 

However, depending on 2pr, different combinations of signs of the Plon derivatives are inferred from the data. Since the parentheses do not depend on 2pr, this means that it is not possible to find an IE(x) that would obey (4). We conclude that Plon depends on x in a more intricate way than only via IE(x). A dependence of Plon mainly on IE is, however, expected in the field-ionization model, probably applicable at the long wavelengths, where intensities as high as 1013 W enr2 were used. 

A novel route for the synthesis of Si02 and Ti02 nanotubes with rectangular cross-section is developed. The high metal content renders these composites attractive materials for nanoelectronics. For probable applications as nanowires the synthesis route must be further optimized to obtain tubes, which are uniform in length and width containing uniformly distributed Pt. 

Rediscovery. The topic and potential of superconductivity essentially was rediscovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s, during which period the research activity safely can be described as zealous. This was fueled by the scores of probable applications of superconductors, but which to date largely remain as promises. Research continues at a good pace, and the topic is much better understood as compared with a decade ago. As pointed out later m this article, much excellent technological fallout has occurred from many millions of dollars invested in research. The search for the ultimately practical superconductor, although still elusive, has reinforced tiie multidisciplinary sciences involved, notably physics and chemistry. 

The Mn(II)/Mn(III) system has not been studied in as much detail as cobalt, but the principles discussed above are also probably applicable to the manganese-catalyzed reactions ... 

It is significant that all of these catalysts are known159 to form stable inorganic peracids. Similar mechanisms are probably applicable to the epoxidation of olefins by both organic and inorganic peracids as follows ... 

Photocatalytic cells. As in (1) above the reaction functions in the sense AG < 0 but the photons are used to overcome the activation energy barrier. These cells are used in converting substances. Probable applications are exemplified by the decomposition of acetic acid into ethane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ... 

Probability Applications in Mechanical Design, Franklin E. Fisher and Joy R. Fisher... 

The second case represents more recent data. Here, quality with respect to reduced Ni value is in control through the probable application of appropriate targets for operating variables in catalyst manufacture. An X-bar value of 31.3 wt % Ni is being calculated. 

The realization of the LPLT route has opened up a wide vista of exciting probable applications for diamond. This is because it offers the novel possibility of obtaining diamond as thin films, coatings or even as free standing thin sheets, ribbons, and tubes. 

In conclusion, the low-temperature reaction of hydrous metal oxides with thionyl chloride is probably applicable to the preparation of many other chlorides and oxide chlorides. It has been used for the preparation of tantalum (V) and... 

From computations with basis sets of the polarized 6-3IG type, at SCF and MP2 levels, the change from formic acid dimer to acetic acid dimer has only a very minor influence upon the energetics of binding . This conclusion is indeed verified by resonant laser photoacoustic spectroscopic measurements i 79,181,182 which find further that trifluoroacetic and propionic acid dimers have a very similar binding enthalpy to formic dimer. One may extrapolate that the formic acid dimer Fl-bond energy is probably applicable for most carboxylic acids with alkyl chains replacing the CH group. 

Landau transition probability application to a Morse potential... 

Probable applications in various fields like electro chromic displays, electronic devices, modified electrodes, chemical- and bio-sensors etc. [ 133] may be envisaged. Potentially, nanodimensional oxide- (Si02, Mn02 and Zr02) based composites of these polymers have shown promise as optical materials [50]. Conducting polymer-coated low Tg latexes of sub-micron (50-500 nm) dimensions are reported to find use in antistatic and anticorrosion applications [ 113]. In the light of this information it would be of interest to explore the usability of the corresponding MMT-based composites in these directions. 

A novel technique of directional devitrification from a molten zone has been developed to produce silicate O-CaCSiOs]) rods, crystallized in a truly aligned and fibrous habit, which have far superior tensile properties to those prepared by conventional methods. The technique is probably applicable to any silicate (or other system) which crystallizes in a sheet or chain structure. 

During a study of the applicability of "spray" or "fog" evaporation to sea water desalination, it was found that this technique was particularly useful for scale deposition studies. Thus, test conditions are reproducible and heat transfer coefficients are very high, so that the effect of scale formation is readily apparent. Three novel methods for the control of scale deposits on the evaporating surfaces of a spray evaporator were explored. One involves the addition of small quantities of low molecular weight polyacrylic acid to the feed water, which prevents the formation of adherent scale. The methods are applicable under certain conditions to scales formed from sea water containing substantial amounts of calcium sulfate in addition to alkaline scale-forming substances. While spray evaporation appears to be of limited application in water desalination, the scale-control methods developed are probably applicable to other types of evaporator, particularly of the long-tube type. 

Another model of rotational reorientation is the jump-diffusion model first described by Ivanov (1964). In this model the molecule reorients by a series of discontinuous jumps (with an arbitrary distribution of jump angles). This should be contrasted with the Debye model, which involves infinitesimal jumps, and the Gordon model, which involves continuous free rotations between collisions. This model is probably applicable to the situation where the molecular orientation is frozen until a volume fluctuation occurs, at which time the molecular orientation jumps to a new frozen value. We present our own version of the jump model here. It is assumed that (a) the jump takes place instantaneously, (b) successive jumps are uncorrelated in time with an average time tv between jumps, and (c) the dihedral angle between the two planes defined by the orientation vector u in two successive jumps is randomized. 

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